Table 4 Pregnancy history, delivery outcome, and pregnancy complications of pregnant women attending PHC centers by ANC visits, delivery outcome and delivery onset of latest/most recent pregnancy

ANC visits

 < .001

 < .001

 < 4

–

–

–

399^a

33.1%

307^a

25.4%

133

18.0%

 ≥ 4

–

–

–

1191^b

43.0%

7^b

0.3%

323

12.2%

Delivery outcome

 < .001

 < .001

Normal

501^a

24.2%

–

–

–

–

162

8.7%

C-section

399^a

25.1%

–

–

–

–

294

19.2%

Abortion

307^b

97.8%

–

–

–

–

N/A

N/A

Delivery onset

 < .001

 < .001

Preterm

133^a

29.2%

294^a

64.5%

–

–

–

–

–

Term

604^b

20.6%

1239^b

42.3%

–

–

–

–

–

Neonate Adverse outcomes (yes)

61

28.5%

.815

135^a

63.1%

9^a

4.2%

 < .001

121

60.5%

 < .001

Neonate Adverse outcomes (no)

981

27.8%

1391^b

39.4%

275^a

7.8%

287

9.3%

NICU Admission (yes)

12

20.3%

.197

50^a

84.7%

–^a

–

 < .001

35

59.3%

 < .001

NICU Admission (no)

1030

27.9%

1476^b

40.0%

284^b

7.7%

373

11.6%

Spontaneous Preterm (yes)

19

24.7%

.535

48^a

62.3%

2^a

2.6%

 < .001

63

85.1%

 < .001

Spontaneous Preterm (no)

1023

27.9%

1478^b

40.3%

282^b

7.7%

345

10.8%

Birth Injury (yes)

1

20.0%

.697

2

40.0%

–

–

.885

1

20.0%

.610

Birth Injury (no)

1041

27.8%

1524

40.7%

284

7.6%

407

12.5%

Low Birth Weight (yes)

24

22.6%

.228

70^a

66.0%

–^a

–

 < .001

65

61.9%

 < .001

Low Birth Weight (no)

1018

28.0%

1456^b

40.0%

284^b

7.8%

343

10.8%

Early Neonatal Death (yes)

22

46.8%

.003

24^a

51.1%

7^a

14.9%

.024

27

73.0%

 < .001

Early Neonatal Death (no)

1020

27.6%

1502^a

40.6%

277^a

7.5%

381

11.8%

Adverse pregnancy outcomes

During Pregnancy (yes)

23

11.9%

 < .001

71

36.8%

9

4.7%

.068

20

11.5%

.716

During Pregnancy (no)

1036

28.9%

1460

40.7%

290

8.1%

385

12.4%

Gestational Hypertension (yes)

6

9.1%

.001

36

54.5%

3

4.5%

.058

13

21.3%

.032

Gestational Hypertension (no)

1053

28.4%

1495

40.3%

296

8.0%

392

12.2%

Gestational Diabetes (yes)

14

16.7%

.019

38

45.2%

5

6.0%

.604

7

9.2%

.396

Gestational Diabetes (no)

1045

28.3%

1493

40.4%

294

8.0%

398

12.5%

Perinatal Depression (yes)

6

10.2%

.002

6^a

10.2%

1^a

1.7%

 < .001

2

3.9%

.065

Perinatal Depression (no)

1053

28.3%

1525^b

41.0%

298^a

8.0%

403

12.5%

At Delivery

Still Birth (yes)

9

45.0%

.091

7

35.0%

1

5.0%

.723

12

75.0%

 < .001

Still Birth (no)

1050

28.0%

1524

40.6%

298

7.9%

393

12.1%

Postpartum (yes)

7

11.3%

.003

21^a

33.9%

–^a

–

.016

7

11.5%

.829

Postpartum (no)

1052

28.3%

1510^a

40.7%

299^b

8.1%

398

12.4%

Postpartum Infection(yes)

2

18.2%

.466

3

27.3%

–

–

.314

3

30.0%

.090

Postpartum Infection (no)

1057

28.1%

1528

40.6%

299

7.9%

402

12.3%

Postpartum Hemorrhage (yes)

3

15.8%

.233

12

63.2%

–

–

.094

4

21.1%

.250

Postpartum Hemorrhage (no)

1056

28.1%

1519

40.4%

299

8.0%

401

12.3%

Postpartum Depression (yes)

2

6.3%

.006

6^a

18.8%

–^a

–

.003

0

0.0%

.033

Postpartum Depression (no)

1057

28.2%

1525^b

40.7%

299^a

8.0%

405

12.5%