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Table 4 Multivariate regression results for the association of quartiles of violence exposure on child anthropometric outcomes and anthropometric Z-scores nationally in Nation Family Health Surveys (2019–21 and 2015–16)

From: Area level indirect exposure to extended conflicts and early childhood anthropometric outcomes in India: a repeat cross-sectional analysis

(A) NFHS- 5 (2019–21)

Quartile of violence events exposure

In-utero exposure

(in children <= 2 years)

Stunting

Underweight

Wasting

Risk ratio

95% CI

p value

Risk ratio

95% CI

p value

Risk ratio

95% CI

p value

Quartile 1

1.06

0.99–1.14

0.08

1.04

0.98–1.12

0.22

1.01

0.94–1.09

0.83

Quartile 2

1.12

1.02–1.24

0.02

1.13

1.02–1.25

0.02

0.99

0.89–1.11

0.91

Quartile 3

1.08

0.95–1.23

0.23

1.10

0.97–1.25

0.15

1.01

0.87–1.16

0.93

Quartile 4

1.29

1.16–1.43

0.00

1.16

1.04–1.29

0.01

0.95

0.84–1.07

0.37

Quartile of violence events exposure

0–3 years

(in children <= 5 years)

Stunting

Underweight

Wasting

Risk ratio

95% CI

p value

Risk ratio

95% CI

p value

Risk ratio

95% CI

p value

Quartile 1

1.08

1.04–1.13

0.00

1.03

0.99–1.08

0.00

1.03

0.98–1.09

0.21

Quartile 2

1.07

1.02–1.12

0.00

1.07

1.02–1.12

0.10

1.06

1.00–1.12

0.81

Quartile 3

1.11

1.04–1.18

0.00

1.12

1.05–1.2

0.36

1.10

1.01–1.19

0.60

Quartile 4

1.10

0.99–1.21

0.22

1.26

1.14–1.39

0.25

1.23

1.10–1.39

0.00

(B) NFHS -4 (2015–16)

Quartile of violence events exposure 0–3 years

(in children <= 5 years)

Stunting

Underweight

Wasting

Risk ratio

95% CI

p value

Risk ratio

95% CI

p value

Risk ratio

95% CI

p value

Quartile 1

1.05

1.01–1.09

0.01

1.05

1.01–1.09

0.02

1.03

0.99–1.08

0.15

Quartile 2

1.01

0.97–1.06

0.55

1.08

1.04–1.13

0.00

1.10

1.05–1.16

0.00

Quartile 3

0.99

0.94–1.04

0.62

1.16

1.09–1.22

0.00

1.32

1.24–1.4

0.00

Quartile 4

1.07

0.98–1.18

0.14

1.19

1.08–1.31

0.00

1.36

1.22–1.52

0.00

Quartile of violence events exposure

In-utero exposure

(in children <= 2 years)

Stunting

Underweight

Wasting

Risk ratio

95% CI

p value

Risk ratio

95% CI

p value

Risk ratio

95% CI

p value

Quartile 1

1.11

1.05–1.18

0.00

1.09

1.02–1.16

0.01

1.02

0.95–1.09

0.65

Quartile 2

1.01

0.93–1.09

0.82

1.09

1.01–1.18

0.03

1.08

0.99–1.18

0.07

Quartile 3

1.11

1–1.23

0.05

1.08

0.97–1.2

0.16

1.05

0.94–1.18

0.40

Quartile 4

1.27

1.16–1.4

0.00

1.32

1.2–1.45

0.00

1.18

1.07–1.31

0.00

  1. Estimates and CIs are on the risk ratio scale
  2. For each quartile of violence exposure (each row), the reference category is children who experienced no violence (i.e., their Risk Ratio was 1)