Table 3 Multivariate regression results for the association of violence on risks of child anthropometric outcomes and anthropometric z-scores nationally in National Family Health Survey of India (NFHS) (2019–21 and 2015–16)
(A) NFHS-5 (2019–21) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Development period of violence exposure Binary exposure (Y or N) | Stunting | Underweight | Wasting | ||||||
Risk ratio | 95% CI | p value | Risk ratio | 95% CI | p value | Risk ratio | 95% CI | p value | |
In-utero exposure (in children <= 2 years) | 1.11 | 1.04–1.17 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 1.02–1.14 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.94–1.06 | 0.89 |
0–3 years (in children <= 5 years) | 1.16 | 1.11–1.2 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 1.04–1.12 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.95–1.05 | 0.95 |
Development period of violence exposure Binary exposure (Y or N) | HAZ | WAZ | WHZ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate (mean difference) | 95% CI | p value | Estimate (mean difference) | 95% CI | p value | Estimate (mean difference) | 95% CI | p value | |
In-utero exposure (in children <= 1 year) |  − 0.11 |  − 0.19 to  − 0.03 | 0.00 |  − 0.08 |  − 0.13 to  − 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.05 |  − 0.02 to 0.12 | 0.16 |
In-utero exposure (in children <= 2 years) |  − 0.07 |  − 0.12 to  − 0.02 | 0.01 |  − 0.06 |  − 0.09 to  − 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 |  − 0.03 to 0.06 | 0.48 |
0–3 years (in children <= 5 years) |  − 0.12 |  − 0.15 to  − 0.08 | 0.00 |  − 0.06 |  − 0.08 to  − 0.03 | 0.00 |  − 0.06 |  − 0.09 to  − 0.03 | 0.00 |
1st 1000 days (in children <= 5 years) |  − 0.09 |  − 0.12 to  − 0.06 | 0.00 |  − 0.06 |  − 0.08 to  − 0.04 | 0.00 |  − 0.05 |  − 0.08 to  − 0.03 | 0.00 |
(B) NFHS -4 (2015–16) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Development period of violence exposure Binary exposure (Y or N) | Stunting | Underweight | Wasting | ||||||
Risk ratio | 95% CI | p value | Risk ratio | 95% CI | p value | Risk ratio | 95% CI | p value | |
In-utero exposure (in children <= 2 years) | 1.12 | 1.06–1.17 | 0.00 | 1.12 | 1.06–1.18 | 0.00 | 1.06 | 1.00–1.12 | 0.04 |
0–3 years (in children <= 5 years) | 1.19 | 1.15–1.23 | 0.00 | 1.13 | 1.09–1.17 | 0.00 | 1.10 | 1.06–1.15 | 0.00 |
Development period of violence exposure Binary exposure (Y or N) | HAZ | WAZ | WHZ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate (mean difference) | 95% CI | p value | Estimate (mean difference) | 95% CI | p value | Estimate (mean difference) | 95% CI | p value | |
In-utero exposure (in children <= 1 year) |  − 0.11 |  − 0.17 to  − 0.05 | 0.00 |  − 0.07 |  − 0.11 to  − 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.02 |  − 0.03 to 0.08 | 0.44 |
In-utero exposure (in children <= 2 years) |  − 0.07 |  − 0.11 to  − 0.03 | 0.00 |  − 0.05 |  − 0.08 to  − 0.03 | 0.00 |  − 0.01 |  − 0.04 to 0.03 | 0.71 |
0–3 years (in children <= 5 years) |  − 0.13 |  − 0.16 to  − 0.11 | 0.00 |  − 0.08 |  − 0.1 to  − 0.06 | 0.00 |  − 0.07 |  − 0.09 to  − 0.05 | 0.00 |
1st 1000 days (in children <= 5 years) |  − 0.10 |  − 0.12 to  − 0.07 | 0.00 |  − 0.06 |  − 0.07 to  − 0.04 | 0.00 |  − 0.03 |  − 0.05 to  − 0.01 | 0.00 |