Table 2 Unadjusted national numbers and percentage of exposure(s) to conflicts by development period and prevalence of outcomes in conflict exposed clusters in National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) of India (2019–21 and 2015–16)
(A) Exposure to conflicts in each developmental period in the analytic sample | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Violence category | NFHS 5 (2019–21) | NFHS 4 (2015–16) | ||
Number of children | % of children (%) | Number of children | % of children (%) | |
Experienced violence: in-utero only | 8957 | 10.8 | 13,462 | 10.8 |
Experienced violence: 0–3 years only | 20,865 | 25.2 | 22,817 | 18.2 |
Experienced violence: both in-utero and 0–3 years | 27,084 | 32.7 | 41,393 | 33.1 |
Did not experience violence in-utero or 0–3 years | 25,876 | 31.3 | 47,506 | 38.0 |
Total | 82,782 | 100.0 | 125,178 | 100.0 |
(B) Prevalence of outcomes in each developmental period in the analytic sample | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | Children exposed to violence in-utero or within 0–3 years | |||
Variable | NFHS 5 | NFHS 4 | ||
N | Y | N | Y | |
N | 25,876 | 56,906 | 46,510 | 78,668 |
HAZ |  − 1.28 ( − 2.36,  − 0.03) |  − 1.47 ( − 2.48,  − 0.31) |  − 1.31 ( − 2.32,  − 0.11) |  − 1.60 ( − 2.55,  − 0.50) |
 Missing | 5745 (22.2%) | 1927 (3.3%) | 10,677 | 2588 |
WAZ |  − 1.34 ( − 2.17,  − 0.50) |  − 1.43 ( − 2.26,  − 0.58) |  − 1.38 ( − 2.18,  − 0.49) |  − 1.49 ( − 2.30,  − 0.63) |
 Missing | 5662 (21.9%) | 1803 (3.2%) | 10,677 | 2588 |
WHZ |  − 0.81 ( − 1.70, 0.01) |  − 0.79 ( − 1.60, 0.02) |  − 0.86 ( − 1.73, 0.05) |  − 0.82 ( − 1.66, 0.05) |
 Missing | 5450 (21.1%) | 1208 (2.12%) | 10,677 | 2588 |
| Â | Children exposed to violence in-utero | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | NFHS 5 | NFHS 4 | Â | Â |
N | Y | N | Y | |
N | 46,741 | 36,041 | 70,323 | 54,855 |
HAZ |  − 1.44 ( − 2.43,  − 0.32) |  − 1.40 ( − 2.48,  − 0.12) |  − 1.49 ( − 2.46,  − 0.35) |  − 1.52 ( − 2.51,  − 0.37) |
 Missing | 6635 | 1037 | 11,474 | 1791 |
WAZ |  − 1.42 ( − 2.23,  − 0.59) |  − 1.40 ( − 2.25,  − 0.52) |  − 1.47 ( − 2.25,  − 0.62) |  − 1.44 ( − 2.27,  − 0.54) |
 Missing | 6510 | 955 | 11,474 | 1791 |
WHZ |  − 0.80 ( − 1.60, 0.02) |  − 0.77 ( − 1.63, 0.15) |  − 0.85 ( − 1.69, 0.00) |  − 0.81 ( − 1.68, 0.10) |
 Missing | 5968 | 690 | 11,474 | 1791 |
| Â | Children exposed to violence between 0 and 3Â years | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | NFHS 5 | NFHS 4 | Â | Â |
N | Y | N | Y | |
N | 34,833 | 47,949 | 60,968 | 64,210 |
HAZ |  − 1.25 ( − 2.36, 0.05) |  − 1.52 ( − 2.50,  − 0.41) |  − 1.29 ( − 2.33,  − 0.07) |  − 1.66 ( − 2.59,  − 0.62) |
 Missing | 6157 | 1515 | 11,133 | 2132 |
WAZ |  − 1.34 ( − 2.18,  − 0.49) |  − 1.45 ( − 2.26,  − 0.61) |  − 1.37 ( − 2.19,  − 0.45) |  − 1.52 ( − 2.31,  − 0.68) |
 Missing | 6019 | 1446 | 11,133 | 2132 |
WHZ |  − 0.81 ( − 1.70, 0.13) |  − 0.79 ( − 1.54, 0.12) |  − 0.85 ( − 1.74, 0.09) |  − 0.82 ( − 1.64, 0.02) |
 Missing | 5766 | 892 | 11,133 | 2132 |