Table 2 Factors influencing the uptake, frequency, and timing of antenatal care

Predisposing

Education

[17, 21, 23, 25,26,27, 30, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 41, 47, 49, 54, 60, 63, 65, 70, 71, 73, 74, 77, 106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130]

Gender dynamics

[17, 26, 30, 42,43,44,45,46,47,48, 50, 54, 56,57,58, 60, 65, 67, 72, 76, 110, 116, 131,132,133,134]

Culture

[22, 24, 36, 43, 46,47,48, 56, 57, 60, 65, 67, 68, 76, 77, 116, 121, 126, 131, 135,136,137]

Region of residence (urban/rural)

[25, 32, 35, 39, 51, 57, 69, 74, 77, 109, 123, 129, 138,139,140]

Marital status

[17, 33, 45,46,47, 54, 63, 73, 111, 117,118,119, 130, 131]

Age

[25, 27, 33, 35, 36, 71, 74, 113, 121,122,123,124,125, 128]

Religion

[17, 34, 37, 39, 47, 110, 123, 126, 141]

Employment

[17, 23, 30, 33, 40, 45, 63, 71]

Health beliefs

[22, 30, 49, 50, 77, 114]

Ethnicity

[34, 68, 69, 77, 112, 119]

Enabling

Socioeconomic status

[17, 21,22,23, 26, 27, 30, 32, 34, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52, 55,56,57,58, 62, 63, 65,66,67,68, 71,72,73,74, 76,77,78,79,80, 105,106,107, 110,111,112, 116, 119, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 131, 134,135,136,137,138, 140, 142,143,144,145,146,147]

Poor quality of ANC

[17, 23, 25, 27, 32, 40, 42, 43, 50, 51, 53, 55, 57,58,59,60, 62,63,64,65,66,67,68, 72, 76, 79, 106, 110, 111, 113, 116, 118, 126, 127, 134,135,136,137, 139, 142, 146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154]

Distance

[17, 21, 25, 32, 34, 42,43,44, 47,48,49,50,51,52, 54,55,56,57,58, 61,62,63, 70, 71, 73, 74, 106, 110, 112, 113, 116, 118, 119, 121,122,123, 131, 134, 136, 137, 143, 147,148,149,150, 155, 156]

Transportation

[21, 27, 38, 43, 44, 48, 50, 53,54,55,56,57, 61, 147]

Infrastructure/resources

[27, 59, 61, 63, 67, 107, 134, 141, 142, 152, 154]

Conflict

[48, 68,69,70,71, 110, 137, 146, 157]

Safety

[48, 72, 110, 137]

Need

Parity

[17, 23, 25, 30, 33, 35, 40, 50, 54, 63, 70, 71, 73,74,75,76, 106, 117, 119, 124, 128]

Previous complications

[65, 77, 106, 123, 127]

Other*

[30,31,32, 36, 38, 45, 47, 50, 53, 64,65,66, 68, 73, 74, 76,77,78,79,80,81, 102, 105, 106, 108,109,110, 112, 113, 120, 122, 123, 125, 127, 130, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 153, 154, 156, 158,159,160,161,162,163]