Table 3 Violence against women results

Avdibegovic (2006) [37]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

78.9% experienced physical abuse, 60.5% experienced sexual abuse and 96.1% experienced psychological abuse

General neuroticism measured by Cornell Index test was high in 26 and moderate in 30 out of 76 survivors of domestic violence

76% of participants experiencing domestic abuse had symptoms of neurosis

General levels of neurosis = 43% (IQR 25.3, 62.3), Anxiety = 64% (IQR 36.0, 73.0), Phobia = 57% (IQR 29.0, 86.0), Depression = 50% (IQR 0.0, 86.0), Obsessive–compulsive tendencies = 50% (IQR 17.0, 67.0)

Gupta (2014) [16]

Côte d’Ivoire

Women experiencing lifetime IPV: 26.5%

Past year IPV: 23.4%

Of the women who experienced no IPV, 9.2% had probable PTSD

Of the women who experienced IPV within the lifetime, but not within the past year 12.3% had probable PTSD

22.1% of the women who experienced past year had probable PTSD

Adjusted OR, for lifetime IPV prior to the past year and PTSD = 1.6 (95% CI 0.9, 2.6)

For past year IPV and PTSD = 3.1 (95% CI 1.8, 5.3)

Heath (2012) [26]

Palestine

At 18 month follow up: 23.8% reported being insulted, 20.4% pushed/shoved, 14.4% threatened, and 18.3% hit

Hossain (2014) [39]

Côte d’Ivoire

IPV among ever-partnered: 29.1% reported life-time sexual violence, 14.9% in the last 12 months

38.4% reported life-time physical violence, 20.9% in the last 12 months

23.9% reported severe life-time physical violence. 11.6% in the last 12 months

49.8% reported life-time physical and/or sexual violence. 29.7% in the last 12 months

Jewkes (2018) [13]

Afghanistan

Past 12 months physical IPV: Of the women who had no exposure to trauma, 17.7% reported IPV, of those who had 1 trauma exposure; 27.6% reported IPV, and for those who had 2–4 trauma exposures, 25.1% reported IPV (p = 0.006)

Lifetime physical risk IPV: Of the women who had no exposure to trauma; 28.1% reported lifetime IPV, among women who had 1 trauma exposure, 47.0% reported lifetime IPV, and for those who had 2–4 trauma exposures, 44.6% reported lifetime IPV (p < 0.0001)

Depression: Of the women who had no exposure to trauma; 12.05% reported depression. Of the women with 1 trauma exposure 16.25% reported depression, and of the women who had 2–4 trauma exposures, 17.1% reported depression (p < 0.0001)

PTSD: Of the women who had no exposure to trauma 1.35% had PTSD. Of the women with 1 trauma exposure 1.7% had PTSD. Of the women who had 2–4 trauma exposures 1.65% had PTSD (p < 0.0001)

Johnson (2010) [44]

Democratic Republic of Congo

30.5% reported IPV. Of this group, 96% reported physical IPV and 8.5% reported sexual IPV

21.4% reported substance abuse. 41.9% had MDD, 54.0% had PTSD, 27.3% had suicidal ideation and 16.8% reported a suicide attempt

20.5% (95% CI 12.0, 29.0) of women affected by IPV suffered from substance abuse, 64.9% (95% CI 52.3, 77.5) suffered from MDD, 77.2% (95% CI 66.8, 87.7) suffered from PTSD, 42.4% (95% CI 28.9, 56.0) suffered from suicidal ideation, and 33.1% (95% CI 22.9, 43.4) reported a suicide attempt

Kane (2018) [51]

Iraq

36.3% domestic violence, 2.4% sexual assault

Depression: HPS-25 M = 1.54 (SD 0.54) p < 0.0001, Post-traumatic stress: HTS M = 1.24 (SD 0.50) p < 0.0001

Linear Regression Beta Coefficient for domestic violence and depression 0.30 (p < 0.0001); and anxiety (p < 0.05)

No association with post-traumatic stress

Kinyanda (a) (2013) [49]

Uganda

34.5% reported exposure to IPV

14.7% reported problem drinking, 47.9% reported depressive disorder

Kinyanda (2016) [48]

Uganda

44.9% reported any form of IPV

7.8% reported sexual IPV

22.9% reported physical IPV

44.2% reported psychological IPV

Adjusted OR for probable major depressive disorder: physical IPV 1.41 (95% CI 0.96, 2.07), psychological IPV 0.97 (95% CI 0.68, 1.39), sexual IPV 2.15 (95% CI 1.09, 4.23)

Rees (2016) [45] Timor-Leste

30.6% reported severe psychological abuse (threatening, intimidation and controlling)

6.2% reported physical abuse only

19.5% reported combined severe psychological and physical abuse

19.7% met the EPDS threshold for depressive

symptoms, 5.7% for PTSD symptoms and 6.3% for psychological distress

Adjusted OR for IPV and Depression EPDS: Severe psychological abuse 1.61 (95% CI 1.17, 2.23). Physical abuse 2.27 (95% CI 1.37, 3.77). Severe psychological and physical abuse 4.3 (95% CI 3.12, 5.96)

Adjusted OR for IPV and PTSD: Severe psychological abuse 1.26 (95% CI 0.71, 2.24). Physical abuse 2.20 (95% CI 0.96, 5.04). Severe psychological and physical abuse 3.24 (95% CI 1.90, 5.50)

Adjusted OR for IPV and Psychological Distress (Kessler-10 indice): Severe psychological abuse 1.09 (95% CI 0.59, 2.03). Physical abuse 2.08 (95% CI 0.87, 5.01). Severe psychological and physical abuse 5.32 (95% CI 3.20, 8.87)

Shuman (2016) [30] Cote d’Ivoire

53.6% reported exposure to physical, sexual or emotional IPV in the past year. Of the types of violence, 46.4% reported emotional IPV, 21.7% reported sexual IPV and 17.4% reported physical IPV. 29% reported physical and/or sexual IPV in past year

Among partnered women only 14.5% reported being pushed, shoved, kicked or dragged. 13% reported being slapped, having something thrown at them or being hit with something. 15.9% reported being forced to have sex as result of threats or intimidation, 11.6% reported being physically forced to have sex, 36.2% reported being frightened or humiliated

10.9% faced mental health repercussions (undefined)

Sriskandarajah (2015) [41]

Sri Lanka

70.3% reported IPV in the past year, 3.4 (SD 4.2) IPV-related events in the past year

27.9% of mothers met criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD

Usta (2008) [50]

Lebanon

27% reported at least one incident of domestic abuse during conflict. 13% reported at least one incidence perpetrated by a husband or other family member

Correlation between negative mental health score and domestic violence during conflict: 0.21 p < 0.001

Correlation between negative mental health score and domestic violence after conflict: 0.14 p < 0.01

Vinck (2013) [38]

Liberia

Among adult women, 37.7% (95% CI, 34.9, 40.5) reported lifetime exposure to intimate-partner physical violence. 24.4% (95% CI 22.1, 26.9) reported incidence of intimate-partner physical violence over a one-year recall period

Women were 3.3 times more likely than men to report having experienced a severe beating by a spouse or partner

18.8% reported PTSD symptoms

17.6% reported depression symptoms