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Table 2 Study and socio-demographic characteristics, mental health disorders scores and WHOQOL-Bref scores of respondents belonging to the clinical group of refugees

From: Health-related quality of life of refugees: a systematic review of studies using the WHOQOL-Bref instrument in general and clinical refugee populations in the community setting

 

Carlsson, Mortensen et al. (2006) [56]

Huijts et al. (2012) [57]

Opaas & Varvin (2015) [58]

Teodorescu et al. (2012) [59]

Carlsson et al. (2005) [60]

Carlsson et al. (2010) [61]

Carlsson, Olsen et al. (2006) [62]

Kinzie et al. (2012) [63]

Opaas et al. (2016) [64]

Study characteristics

 Study location

Copenhagen, Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims (RCT), Denmark

Foundation Centrum ‘45, Oegstgeest, The Netherlands

Two general mental health outpatient clinics and six psychotherapists in publicly funded individual practices, Oslo (Norway)

Outpatient departments of four hospitals from South- Eastern Norway

Copenhagen, Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims (RCT), Denmark

Copenhagen, Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims (RCT), Denmark

Copenhagen, Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims (RCT), Denmark

Refugee clinic, Oregon (USA)

Specialist mental health outpatient services with public funding, Norway

 Recruiting method

direct recruitment method

direct recruitment method

direct recruitment method

direct recruitment method

direct recruitment method

direct recruitment method

direct recruitment method

direct recruitment method

direct recruitment method

 Year of data collection

1 Jan 2001–15 May 2002

2003–2010

2006–2009

1 Nov 2008- Nov 2009

2001–2002

1 Jan 2001–15 May 2002

1991–1994

Feb 2009- Jan 2010

2006–2009

SAMPLE characteristics

 Size

63

335

54

55

55

45

139

22

51–49

 Gender (n, %)

  Male

63 (100%)

251 (74.9%)

35 (64.8%)

32 (58%)

40 (72.7%)

30 (66.7%)

126 (90.6%)

9 (41%)

33 (64.7%)

  Female

84 (25.1%)

19 (35.2%)

23 (42%)

15 (27.3%)

15 (33.3%)

13 (9.4%)

13 (59%)

18 (35.3%)

 Age mean (SD)

37.8 (8.11)

41.9

39.3 (8.2)

42 (8.6)

39.2 (9.38)

44.7 (8.48)

48 (−)

39.4 (8.0)

 Marital status (n, %)

  Married

50 (79.4%)

35 (64.8%)

32 (58.2%)

43 (78.2%)

37 (82.2%)

87 (62.6%)

34 (66.7%)

  Non married (a)

13 (20.6%)

19 (35.2%)

23 (41.8%)

12 (21.8%)

8 (17.8%)

52 (37.4%)

17 (33.3%)

 Country of origin

Diverse

Diverse

Diverse

Diverse

Diverse

Diverse

Diverse

Diverse

Diverse

 Country of destination

Denmark

The Netherlands

Norway

Norway

Denmark

Denmark

Denmark

USA

Norway

 Duration of stay in years

12.8 (4.73)

10.5 (6.5)

16.7 (7.1)

5.8 (4.98)

4.9 (−)

11.2 (6.3)

 Unemployed

42 (77.8%)

31 (59.6%)

103 (73.9%) after 10 years

majority

40 (78.4%)

 HSCL-25

  ANXIETY mean (SD)

2.90 (0.67)

2.89 (0.59)

2.84

2.82 (0.73)

2.26 (0.74)

2.87 (0.59)

  Above cut-off

91.9%

96.2%

94.5% (x)

87.3%

74.1%

96%

  DEPRESSION mean (SD)

2.91 (0.63)

2.94 (0.54)

2.7 (0.64)

2.88

2.81 (0.67)

2.25 (0.70)

100% (Center for Epidemiological Studies—Depression Scale)

2.94 (0.52)

  Above cut-off

93.5%

98.1%

93%

92.7%

69.1%

98%

 HTQ - PTSD

  Mean (SD)

3.06 (0.53)

2.91 (0.57)

2.82 (0.47)

2.93

2.91 (0.60)

2.61 (0.68)

2.82 (0.47)

  Above the cut-off

88.9%

85%

78,8%

80% (IESR)

78.2%

56.1%

77.3% (SPRINT)

81.6%

HRQOL mean(SD)

 Physical health

25.57 (20.03)

38 (−)

28.5 (13.8)

32.5 (14.7)

29.55 (−)

30.19 (20.32)

46.28 (21.65)

31 (−)

28.2 (13.8)

 Psychological health

27.52 (19.87)

44 (−)

25.6 (15.9)

34.6 (15.5)

31.04 (−)

32.94 (19.84)

42.70 (22.55)

31 (−)

25.3 (15.7)

 Social relationships

39.66 (25.12)

44 (−)

36.6 (23.4)

43.4 (19.7)

41.59 (−)

42.13 (23.84)

46.55 (24.61)

35.0 (21.7)

 Environment domain

39.87 (19.00)

50 (−)

45.2 (18.2)

43.1 (15.1)

39.03 (−)

37.78 (17.81)

49.44 (19.53)

47 (−)

45.0 (18.5)

  1. WHOQOL-Bref, World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment in its short version, scaled 1–100, with domains for physical health, psychological health, environmental and social relationship. Mean scores are Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) to measure anxiety (items 1–10) and depression (items 11–25), cutoff score 1.75; Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) part IV (items 1–16) to measure PTSD, cutoff score 2.5. For HSCL-25 and HTQ mean scores and percentage of individuals scoring above the cutoff are outlined, for the WHOQOL-Bref just the mean score and, when available, the standard error
  2. Unemployment was not reported when for “employed” the authors considered the participant taking part in language courses, job training, education and having an actual job
  3. Education was not reported due to the heterogeneity on how education levels were reported
  4. If the mental status has not been assessed with the HTQ or the HSCL-25, in parenthesis it is outlined the name of the other evaluation tool used for the purpose or “x” in case it was not specified
  5. (a) “non-married” comprises single, divorced and widowed