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Table 1 Vulnerability risk factors among Syrian refugees in Lebanon and their impact on the basic reproductive number (R0)

From: Vulnerability of Syrian refugees in Lebanon to COVID-19: quantitative insights

Risk factor

Consequence

Effect on R0 parameters

Crowded physical environment

• Increased contacts between households

• Increase in the contact rate (c)

• Increased contacts within households

• Increase in the contact rate (c)

• Short physical distance between members of a household

• Increase in the probability of transmission (p)

• Inability to isolate or quarantine

• Increase in the duration of infectiousness (D)

Inadequate access to clean water

• Precludes hand/face washing and surfaces cleaning

• Increase in the probability of transmission (p)

Inadequate access to protective measures such as masks

• Increased spread of respiratory droplets

• Increase in the probability of transmission (p)

Inadequate access to health care

• Precludes diagnosis and isolation

• Increase in the duration of infectiousness (D)

Inadequate community awareness

• Delay to isolate or quarantine

• Increase in the duration of infectiousness (D)