Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

 2000–2009 [32,33,34,35,36,37]

6 (11)

 2010–2014 [38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52]

15 (27)

 2015–2019 [53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86]

34 (62)

 Quasi-experimental [38, 41, 68]

3 (5)

 Cohort [49, 65]

2 (4)

 Cross-sectional [36, 39, 43, 53, 62,63,64, 77, 81,82,83]

11 (20)

 Mixed methods [37, 45, 46, 48, 57, 60, 69, 71, 72, 75, 80, 85, 86]

13 (23)

 Qualitative [33, 42, 44, 47, 50, 56, 59, 61, 66, 67, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 84]

16 (30)

 Case study [32, 34, 35, 40, 51, 52, 54, 55, 58, 70]

10 (18)

 Americas

0

 African [33, 36, 41, 53, 59, 62, 67, 68, 81, 85, 86]

11 (20)

 European [64, 82]

2 (4)

 South-East Asia [35, 38, 44, 45, 49, 51, 60, 73]

8 (14)

 Eastern Mediterranean [32, 37, 39, 40, 42, 46,47,48, 52, 55, 56, 61, 63, 65, 66, 69,70,71, 74, 75, 77,78,79,80, 83]

25 (45)

 Western Pacific [34, 84]

2 (4)

 Multiple Regions [43, 50, 54, 57, 58, 72, 76]

7 (13)

 Conflict-affected (including IDPs and cross-boarder migrants) [32,33,34, 36, 37, 39,40,41,42, 44, 47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59, 61, 63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71, 73,74,75, 77,78,79,80, 82,83,84,85,86]

45 (82)

 Refugee settlements [43, 45, 46, 60, 62, 72, 76, 81]

8 (14)

 Natural disaster [35, 38]

2 (4)

 Women and/or children [34, 43, 45, 48, 49, 57, 60, 66, 68, 70, 71, 75, 77,78,79]

15 (27)

 Refugees/IDPs/conflict-affected cross-boarder migrants [32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 50, 62, 65, 67, 69, 72, 73, 80,81,82,83,84]

17 (31)

 Health care providers [40, 42, 44, 46, 51, 56, 58, 61, 64, 74, 76]

11 (20)

 General population [37, 39, 41, 52, 53, 55, 85, 86]

8 (14)

 Patients and providers [47, 54, 59, 63]

4 (8)