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Table 3 Effectiveness of Mental Health Interventions by Study

From: Male and LGBT survivors of sexual violence in conflict situations: a realist review of health interventions in low-and middle-income countries

Study

Setting

Mode of Delivery

Type of Intervention and Control (n)

Diagnostic

Instrument

Outcomes

Population Group and % that were men

Bolton P et al. 2014a [42]

KRI

Primary health care services, 12 sessions

(i) BADTa (n = 114); (ii) CPTb (n = 101); (iii) wait-list control (n = 66)

HSCL-25, HTQ, Inventory of Traumatic Grief

BATD: (i) Depression d = 0.60 (all WLC) and d = 0.84 (p = 0.003) (BATD-controls); (ii) Dysfunction d = 0.55 (p < 0.05) (all WLC) and d = 0.79(p = 0.007) (BATD-controls)

CPT: (i) Depression d = 0.70 (p < 0.001) (all WLC) and d = 0.44 (CPT-controls) (ii) Dysfunction: d = 0.90 (p < 0.001) (all WLC) and d = 0.63(p < 0.05) (CPT-controls)

Male inclusive

% of BATD that were men: 43%

% of CPT that were men: 42%

% of all controls that were men: 41%

Bass J et al. 2016 [43]

KRI

Primary healthcare services, 6–12 sessions

Trauma-informed intervention (n = 159) vs control (n = 50)

HSCL-25, HTQ, Inventory for Traumatic Grief

Depression: d = 0.57 (p = 0.02)

Dysfunction: d = 0.53 (p = 0.03)

Anxiety: d = 0.41 (p = 0.01)

PTSD: d = 0.35 (p = 0.07)

Traumatic grief: d = 0.26 (p = 0.08)

Male inclusive

% of intervention that were male: 66%

% of controls that were male: 70%

Weiss WM et al. 2015 [44]

Southern Iraq

Primary healthcare services, 8–12 sessions

CETAc (n = 98), CPT (n = 106), wait-list control (n = 109)

HTQ, HSCL-25, Locally developed Function Scale

CETA: (i) Trauma: d = 2.40, M = -0.59 (all WLC); (ii) Anxiety: d = 1.60, M = -0.68 (all WLC); (iii) Depression: d = 1.82, M = -0.67 (all WLC); (iv) Dysfunction: d = 0.88, M = -0.50 (all WLC)

CPT: (i) Trauma: d = 0.41, M = -0.16 (all WLC); (ii) Anxiety: d = 0.27, M = -0.14 (all WLC); (iii) Depression: d = 0.40, M = -0.22 (all WLC); (iv) Dysfunction: d = 0.07, M = -0.05 (all WLC)

Male inclusive

% of CETA that were men: 68%

% of CETA controls that were men: 72%

% of CPT that were men: 67%

% of CPT controls that were men: 62%

Bolton et al. 2014b [48]

Thailand

At the client or counselor’s home, local Burmese-run clinics or community organizations, and secluded areas, 7–13 sessions

CETAc (n = 148) vs control (n = 126)

HSCL-25; HTQ

Depression: M = -0.49 (CI − 0.59,-0.40), d = 1.16 (p < 0.001)

PTS: M = -0.43 (CI − 0.51,-0.35) d = 1.19 (p < 0.001)

Anxiety: M = -0.48 (CI − 0.61, − 0.34) d = 0.79 (p < 0.001)

Functional impairment: M = -0.44 (CI − 0.59, − 0.28) d = 0.63 (p < 0.001)

Aggression: M = -0.24 (CI − 0.34, − 0.15) d = 0.58 (p < 0.001)

Male inclusive

% of CETA that were men: 39%

% of controls that were men: 36%

Bass et al. 2013 [51]

DRC

NGOs, 12 sessions

Group CPT b(n = 248) vs Individual psychosocial support (n = 157)

HSCL-25, HTQ

Combined depression and anxiety: d = 1.8 (p < 0.001) at end of treatment; d = 1.6 (p < 0.001) 6 mos after end of treatment

Trauma: d = 1.4 (p < 0.001) at end of treatment; d = 1.3 (p < 0.001) 6 mos after end of treatment

Functional impairment: d = 1.1(p < 0.001) at end of treatment; d = 1.2 (p < 0.001) 6 mos after end of treatment

Probable depression or anxiety: d = 7.3 (3.4–16.8) (p < 0.001) at end of treatment; d = 4.6 (2.1–11.1) (p < 0.001) 6 mos after end of treatment

Probable PTSD: d = 12.3 (5.2–30.5) (p < 0.001) at end of treatment; d = 5.5(2.5–13.2) (p < 0.001) 6 mos after end of treatment

Female specific

O’Callaghan et al. 2013 [62]

DRC

Local secondary school, 15 sessions

Trauma-focused CBTd (n = 24) vs. WLC (n = 28)

UCLA PTSD Reaction Index; African YPAI

Trauma symptoms: F1,49 = 52.708, p < 0.001, cp2 = 0.518

Depression and anxiety: F1,49 = 52.371, p < 0.001, cp2 = 0.517

Conduct problems: F1,49 = 17.123, p < 0.001, cp2 = 0.259)

Prosocial behaviour: F1,49 = 5.39, p < 0.001, cp2 = 0.099)

At 3 months:

PTS symptoms: d = 2.04,

Depression and anxiety: d = 2.45),

Conduct problems: d = 0.95

Prosocial behaviour: d = − 1.57

Depression and anxiety symptoms (4.79 points, 95% CI = 0.617–8.966, p < 0.05) and prosocial behaviour (− 3.29 points, 95% CI = -5.046 to − 1.537, p < 0.05) showed continued improvements 3 months after intervention ended

Adolescent girls

Hall et al. 2014 [56]

DRC

IRC facilities, 12 sessions

CPTb (n = 157) vs.

Individual support (n = 248)

HSCL-25, HTQ

Integrated Questionnaire for the Measurement of Social Capital

CPT: group membership and participation (d = 0.22, p < .05;) (compared to IS)

Within 1 month:

CPT: higher emotional support seeking (d = 0.37, p < .05;), which was not maintained at 6 months

Female specific

  1. a Brief Behavioural Activation Treatment for Depression
  2. b Cognitive Processing Therapy
  3. c Common Elements Treatment Approach
  4. d Cognitive-Based Therapy