Table 6 World-wide Youth studies assessing the relationship between exposure to violence and smoking behavior
From: Country and gender differences in the association between violence and cigarette smoking among youth
City/country school-based studies | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
City or Country, Reference | Setting/Year | Sample Size | Violence Exposure | Association with Smoking |
Beijing, China (Hazemba et al., 2008 [21]) | Global School-Based Health Survey (GSHS)/2003 | 2348 middle school students | Bullying | OR = 1.09 students who smoked more likely to have been bullied |
Malawi (Kubwalo et al., 2013 [22]) | Malawi School-Based Student Health Survey/2009 | 2264, 13–15 yrs. old | Bullying | Students who smoked more likely of being bullied OR = 3.97 |
U.S/National (Hertz et al., 2015 [23]) | Youth Risk Behavior Survey/School-based/2011 | 13,846, grades 9–12 yrs. old | Bullying | Being bullied significantly associated with cigarette use among girls and boys Adjusted ORs 1.7 to 2.3 |
Chile (Page 2009 [24]) | Global School-Based Health Survey | 8131, 13 to 15 yrs. old | Being involved in a fight in the prior 12 months | Cigarette smoking positively associated with having been involved in a fight |
U.S//Boston (Pabayo, Molnar and Kawachi, 2013 [25]) | School-based | High school students | witnessed a violent death | Witnessing a violent death associated with smoking among boys; girls not significant |
Cross-country school-based study | ||||
6 Western Pacific Countries—all Pacific Islanders (Yang et al., 2017 [26]) | School-based | 6377 youth aged 13–15 yrs. old | Physical fights | Significant association of fights with smoking |
Cross country community- based study | ||||
Five urban sites: Baltimore, New Delhi, Johannesburg, Ibadan, and Shanghai (Mmari et al., 2014 [27]) | Community-based/2011-2013 | 2320 youth, 15–19 yrs. old | Witnessing community violence | Associated with ever smoking in 2 sites |