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Table 2 Trauma events

From: Systematic human rights violations, traumatic events, daily stressors and mental health of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh

 

Myanmar

Bangladesh

Average number of trauma events experienced by Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh and Myanmar

19.4

1.0

Trauma event endorsement rate

 Exposure (i.e., hearing and/or seeing) to frequent gunfire

98.6%

1.6%

 Witnessed destruction/burning of villages

97.8%

2.0%

 Repeatedly exposed to violent images against Rohingya on websites (i.e., Facebook, RVision, TV, WhatsApp, etc.)

95.3%

88.7%

 Forced to do things against religion (e.g., eat pork, remove cap/niqab/veil, burn/cut beard, etc.)

94.9%

0.0%

 Threats against your ethnic group

93.3%

0.6%

 Home destroyed

93.1%

0.6%

 Witnessed dead bodies

91.8%

2.8%

 Witnessed physical violence against others

90.4%

1.4%

 Confiscation/looting of personal property

88.2%

1.2%

 Murder of extended family or friend

86.2%

0.2%

*Follow-up to above item: Family member was killed by security forces

100.0%

N/A

 Threats against you or your family

83.7%

1.6%

 Forced to flee under dangerous conditions

83.7%

0.4%

 Extortion (i.e., paying money due to force or threats)

83.1%

2.8%

 Forced to hide because of dangerous conditions

75.5%

1.0%

 Death of family or friends while fleeing or hiding (e.g.,  not from violent injury like shooting or stabbing, but because of illness, lack of food, drowning etc.)

70.6%

2.0%

 Witnessed sexual violence/abuse of others

67.3%

0.8%

 Unjust detainment

63.3%

1.4%

 Present while security forces forcibly searched for people or things in your home (or the place where you were living)

56.9%

1.2%

 Torture (i.e., while in captivity you received deliberate and systematic infliction of physical or mental suffering)

55.5%

1.4%

 Forced labor (i.e., forced to do work that you could not decline, for example, patrolling, working for security forces, etc.)

48.6%

0.2%

 Beaten by non-family member

46.1%

1.6%

 Turned back while trying to flee

46.1%

0.2%

 Sexual abuse, sexual humiliation, or sexual exploitation (e.g., coerced sexual acts, inappropriate touching, forced to remove clothing, etc.)

33.3%

1.0%

 Murder of immediate family member (i.e., father, mother, sister, brother, husband/wife, or children)

29.5%

0.0%

*Follow-up to above item: Family member was killed by security forces

99.3%

N/A

 Physical injury from being intentionally stabbed or cut with object (e.g., knife, axe, sword, machete, etc.)

29.4%

1.8%

 Disappearance of family member

19%

0.2%

 Beaten by spouse or family member

14.5%

3.0%

 Other serious physical injury from violence (e.g., shrapnel, burn, landmine injury, etc.)

9.2%

0.2%

 Forced Abortion (only female)

5.4% (of female respondents)

0.0%

 Physical Injury from being shot (bullet wound)

5.1%

0.2%

 Rape by security forces (i.e., forced to have unwanted  sexual relations with security forces)g

1.6%

0.0%

 Rape by others (i.e., forced to have unwanted sexual relations with a stranger, acquaintance, or family member)

1.2%

0.0%