Table 1 Summary table of the selected articles including study site, country of origin, sample size, type of migrant, study design, assessment tool and findings

Carlsson et al. 2010^a [17]

Denmark

Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan

45

Refugees

Longitudinal

Rehabilitation and research center for torture victims

WHOQOL-Bref (WHOQOL Group, 1998)

HTQ, HSCL-25, HDS

● WHOQOL Environment Time (Baseline vs. 9-month follow-up)(p = .029)

● WHOQOL Environment Time (Baseline vs. 23-month follow-up)(p = .017)

• No significant difference between baseline and 9 month, or 23 month follow-up for WHOQOL Physical, mental or social.

Carlsson, Mortensen & Kastrup^a [18]

Denmark

Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan

55

Refugees

Longitudinal

Rehabilitation and research center for torture victims

WHOQOL-Bref (WHOQOL Group, 1998) [4]

HTQ, HSCL-25, HDS

● Changes in mental health

○ Evaluation of improved mental health (vs. those evaluating no improvement) during treatment had higher health-related quality of life in the ‘mental’ domain (t = 2.46, p = .017)

● Those with the lowest baseline QoL showed the largest increase in QoL.

• No significant changes over time for the WHOQOL domains.

• The Spearman rank correlations between years from exposure to torture and baseline scores were nonsignificant for all QoL domains

• The Spearman rank correlation between total number of treatment sessions and difference scores was low and nonsignificant for all QoL domains

• Expressing expectations to improve during treatment was not associated with changes in QoL domains

Carlsson, Mortensen & Kastrup [19]

Denmark

Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, other (not specified)

63

Refugees

Cross-Sectional

Rehabilitation and research center for torture victims

WHOQOL-Bref [4]

HSCL-25, HDS, HTQ

● Overall variance accounted for by the regression model was not reported

● WHOQOL Physical

○ Occupation (β = 0.23, p < .05)

○ Social relations (β = 0.33, p < .01)

○ Pain (β = − 0.42, p < .01)

● WHOQOL psychological

○ Social relations (β = 0.31, p < .05)

● WHOQOL Social

○ Social relations (β = 0.39, p < .01)

● WHOQOL Environment

○ Social relations (β = 0.40, p < .01)

▫ Pain (β = − 0.35, p < .05)

o Number of years since last exposure to torture was not associated with QoL

o Age and proficiency in Danish were not significant associated with QoL

Regression (Model 2)

• Education, torture, or having been on the run were not significantly associated with any of the QoL domains

• Occupation was not significantly associated with mental, social or environmental QoL

• Pain was not significantly associated with mental or social QoL

Carlsson, Olsen, Mortensen & Kastrup* [20]

Denmark

Iran, Iraq, Lebanon

139

Refugees

Longitudinal

Rehabilitation and research center for torture victims

WHOQOL-Bref [4]

HTQ, HSCL-25

● Overall variance accounted for by the regression model was not reported

● WHOQOL Physical

○ Pain upper extremities (β = 0.20, p < .05)

○ Employment (β = 0.49, p < .001)

▫ Headache (β = − 0.31, p < .001)

● WHOQOL Mental

○ Social relations (β = 0.21, p < .05)

○ Employment (β = 0.40, p < .001)

● WHOQOL Social

○ Social relations (β = 0.40, p < .001)

○ Employment (β = 0.27, p < .01)

▫ Headache (β = − 0.20, p < .05)

● WHOQOL Environment

○ Social relations (β = 0.24, p < .01)

○ Employment (β = 0.36, p < .001)

▫ Headache (β = − 0.19, p < .05)

Regression (Model 2)

• Education, marked mood shifts, and years in Denmark were not associated with any of the QoL domains

• Pain in upper extremities was not associated with mental, social or environmental QoL

• Headache was not associated with mental QoL

• Social relations was not associated with physical QoL

Correa-Velez, Green, Murray [21]

Australia

Africa, South Asia, Middle East, West Asia, South East Asia

104

Refugees

Cross-Sectional

Agency involved in refugee resettlement

WHOQOL-Bref

HTQ, PMLD, SASCAT

● Regressing WHOQOL Physical domain on predictor variables was significant (r² = .30, p < .001)

○ Region of birth (Africa) (β = 0.32, 95% CI = [5.44, 19.83], p = .001)

○ Education (2y/3y) (β = 0.32, 95% CI = [3.80, 16.94], p = .002)

○ Community can be trusted (β = 0.20, 95% CI = [.79, 12.49], p = .027)

● Regressing WHOQOL Psychological domain on predictor variables was significant (r² = .19, p = .008)

○ Community can be trusted (β = 0.20, 95% CI = [.33, 13.02], p = .039)

▫ Number of people no support (β = − 0.24, 95% CI = [− 5.80, −.57], p = .018)

• Age, Children (1 or more), English skills and trauma types were non-significant predictors of the physical domain

• Age, region of birth (Africa), children (1 or more), education (2y/3y), English skills, and trauma types were non-significant predictors of the psychological domain

• The hierarchical logistic regression predicting overall QOL found no significant associations

Correa-Velez, Barnett, Gifford & Sackey* [22]

Australia

Sudan, Burma (Myanmar), Iraq, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Liberia, Afghanistan, Congo-Brazzaville, Iran, Tanzania, Uganda

233

Refugees

Cross-Sectional

Community

WHOQOL-Bref [4]

HSCL-25, HTQ, Items to assess use of Health Services & Medication

● WHOQOL Environment

▫ Living in regional areas (OR = 0.4, 95% CI = [0.2, 0.9], p < .05)

• Area of settlement did not predict significant poorer QoL in the physical, mental or social domain

Georgiadeu et al. [23]

Germany

Syrian

119

Refugees

Cross-sectional

Registry

WHOQOL-Bref

ETI, PHQ-9, GAD-7, SOC-13, F-SozU,

● WHOQOL Psychological

Married with partner in Germany scored higher than married without partner in Germany, t(117) = 2.91, p = .004

● WHOQOL Social

Married with partner in Germany scored higher than married without partner in Germany, U = -3.02, p = .002

● WHOQOL Environment Married with partner in Germany scored higher than married without partner in Germany, t(117) = 2.27, p = .025.

● WHOQOL Overall

Married with partner in Germany scored higher than married without partner in Germany, t(117) = 2.78, p = .006.

● Regressing overall QoL on predictor variables was significant (r² = .66)

○ Sense of coherence (β = 0.15, 95% CI = [− 0.00, 0.33], p = .049)

○ Social support (β = 0.25, 95% CI = [0.15, 0.46], p < .001)

▫ Depression (β = − 0.44, 95% CI = [− 1.52, − 0.61], p < .001)

● Regressing WHOQOL psychological domain on predictor variables was significant (r² = .61)

○ Gender (β = 0.15, 95% CI = [0.32, 11.04], p = .038)

○ Residence of partner (β = 0.17, 95% CI = [1.39, 13.95], p = .017)

○ Sense of coherence (β = 0.22, 95% CI = [0.07, 0.47], p = .008)

○ Social support (β = 0.17, 95% CI = [0.04, 0.41], p = .016)

▫ Depression (β = − 0.40, 95% CI = [− 1.66, − 0.56], p < .001)

• No significant differences in WHOQOL Physical (married with partner vs. married without partner)

• Sex, age, residence of partner, residence of minor child, anxiety, number of traumatic events, trauma inventory, and satisfaction with marriage were non-significant predictors of overall QoL

• Age accommodation, residence of minor child, anxiety, number of traumatic events, trauma inventory, and satisfaction with marriage were non-significant predictors of WHOQOL psychological.

Ghazinour, Richter & Eisemann [24]

Sweden

Iran

100

Refugees

Cross-Sectional

Half were recruited as outpatients at a psychiatric clinic and half were recruited as interested volunteers.

WHOQOL-100 [18]

CRI, ISSI, BDI, SCL-90

● Gender: Males reported lower overall QoL (t = − 2.99, p = .004) than females

● Males reported lower levels of Independence (Psychological domain), (t = − 2.00, p = .049) than females

● Males reported lower social QoL than females (t = − 2.40, p = .018)

● Males reported lower environmental QoL (t = − 2.06, p = .043)

● Males reported lower spirituality (psychological domain) (t = − 2.82, p = .006)

● Having a BDI score below the mean and having been in the army showed the highest significant overall QoL F(19,70) = 60.06, p < .001

● Sense of coherence, coping resources, and social support had various significant relationships with QoL (see paper for details)

• Gender: no significant differences found for physical health or psychological health

• No significant correlation was found between spirituality (psychological domain) and adequacy of attachment (social support scale)

Hengst, Smid & Laban^b [25]

Netherlands

Iraq

294

Asylum Seekers

Cross-Sectional

Central Organ of Asylum (COA)

WHOQOL-Bref [4]

HTQ, PMLP, WHO-CIDI, BDQ

● Mediation model of psychopathology, disability and quality of life χ²(12) = 10.52, p = .570

▫ Unnatural loss of a child (β = −.05, 95% CI = [−.44, −.03], p < .05)

▫ N° of lost family members (β = −.04, 95% CI = [−.01, .00], p < .05)

▫ Other traumatic events (β = −.13, 95% CI = [−.06, −.02], p < .05)

▫ Long asylum procedure (β = −.18, 95% CI = [−.66, −.13], p < .05)

▫ Psychopathology (β = −.33, 95% CI = [−.42, −.20], p < .05)

• Age, female sex, education level and postmigration stressors were not significantly associated with QoL

• Unnatural loss of family, unnatural loss of friends, witnessing the loss of family or friend, number of lost children, and number of lost friends were not significantly associated with QoL

Huijts, Kleijn, van Emmerik, Noordhof, and Smith [26]

Netherlands

38 different countries in the Middle East, former Yugoslavia, or other regions of which 50 were Asian, 35 African, and 4 South American.

335

Refugees

Cross-Sectional

Foundation Centrum ‘45, a specialist institute for diagnosis and treatment of posttraumatic stress.

WHOQOL-Bref [4]

COPE-EASY-32, HTQ

● Regressing overall QoL on predictor variables was significant (r² = .42, p < .05)

○ Social Support Seeking (β = 0.12, 95% CI = [.03, .21], p < .05)

○ Emotion-Focused Coping (β = 0.13, 95% CI = [.04, .23], p < .01)

○ Self-reported PTSD (β = − 0.61, 95% CI = [−.68, −.54], p < .001)

● Post-hoc analyses revealed that emotion-focused coping and social support seeking differed per country of origin, and per gender.

Subgroup analysis of regression

o Males: emotion-focused coping, was not significantly related to QoL

o Females: social support seeking was not significantly related to QoL

Multigroup analyses

• No significant differences found regarding length of stay in the Netherlands.

Jesuthasan et al.* [27]

Germany

Afghanistan, Syria, Iraq, Somalia, Iran, Eritrea

663

Refugees

+ European Reference Sample

Cross-Sectional

Shared reception facilities

EUROHIS-QOL questionnaire [24]

HTQ, HSCL-25, ICSEY

● Female refugees rated their overall QoL significantly lower than the EU reference simple, t(5508) = 16.9, p < .0001

● Residence and mission in a war zone, and being sick without any access to health care significantly affected all four domains of QoL

● Near death experience affected physical and psychological domains.

● Aggression from family members affected the physical and social domain

● Forced isolation affected the physical, psychological, and environmental domains.

● Within Group (Refugees) Predictors: Regressing overall reduced QoL on socio-demographic and traumatic predictor variables (Overall variance accounted for by the regression model was not reported)

A) Reduced QoL

● Age > 30 (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = [1.2–2.3], p = .004)

● Near-Death Experience (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = [1.2, 2.4], p = .001)

● Mission/Residence in War Zone (OR = 0.7, 95% CI = [0.5–1.0], p = .04)

● Attack by Family Member (OR = 2, 95% CI = [1.3, 3.1], p = .001)

• Having had sexual contacts as a minor did not signfiicantly correlate with overall QoL

• No significant association was found between near death experience and the social and environmental domains

• No significant association was found between aggression from family members and the psychological and environmental domains

• No signiciant association was found between forced isolation and the social domain.

Kinzie et al. [28]

USA

Ethiopia, Somalia, Iran and Afghanistan

22

Refugees

Longitudinal

Refugee psychiatric clinic

WHOQOL-BREF

HTQ, SDS, CES-D

● WHOQOL Physical

○ Time (baseline vs. 1-year follow-up) (p < .001)

● WHOQOL Psychological

○ Time (baseline vs. 1-year follow-up) (p < .001)

● WHOQOL Environment

○ Time (baseline vs. 1-year follow-up) (p = .004)

None reported

Laban, Gernaat, Komproe & de Jong^b [29]

Netherlands

Iraq

294

Asylum Seekers

Group 1: living in the Netherlands < 6 months

Group 2: living in the Netherlands for at least 2 years.

Cross-Sectional

Agency for the reception of asylum seekers

WHOQOL-Bref [4]

PMLP, WHO-CIDI, Physical Health Rating

● Overall QoL group 1 vs. group 2 (p < .0005, Z(294) = − 5.29) with group 2 scoring lower than group 1

● Perceived QoL General Health group 1 vs. group 2 (p = .017, Z(294) = − 2.39) with group 2 scoring lower than group 1.

None reported

Laban, Komproe, Gernaat & de Jong^b [30]

Netherlands

Iraq

294

Asylum Seekers

Group 1: living in the Netherlands < 6 months

Group 2: living in the Netherlands for at least 2 years.

Cross-Sectional

Agency for the reception of asylum seekers

WHOQOL-Bref [4]

HTQ, PMLP, WHO-CIDI

● Overall QoL was significantly lower in group 2 Z(294) = − 5.29, p = .0005

● WHOQOL physical was significantly lower in group 2, t(292) = 3.21, p = .001

● WHOQOL psychological was significantly lower in group 2, t(292) = 2.33, p = .020

● WHOQOL environment was significantly lower in group 2, t(292) = 5.26, p = .001

● Regressing overall QoL on predictor variables was significant (r² = 0.13, p < .001)

▫ Long Asylum Procedure (β = − 0.17, p < .01)

▫ Adverse life events after arrival in the Netherlands (β = − 0.13, p < .05)

▫ WHOQOL Physical (r² = .31, p < .01)

▫ Adverse life events after arrival (β = − 0.15, p < .05)

▫ Depression (β = − 0.19, p < .01)

▫ Somatoform disorders (β = − 0.12, p < .05)

▫ One or more psychiatric disorders (β = − 0.19, p < .05)

▫ Older age (β = − 0.14, p < .01)

▫ Socio-economic living conditions (β = − 0.20, p < .01)

● WHOQOL Psychological (r² = .18, p < .01)

▫ Self-reported PTSD (β = − 0.17, p < .05)

▫ Somatoform disorders (β = − 0.15, p < .01)

▫ Socio-economic living conditions (β = − 0.14, p < .05)

▫ Anxiety (β = − 0.17, p < .05)

● WHOQOL Social (r² = .12, p < .01)

● WHOQOL Environmental (r² = .15, p < .01)

○ Socio-religious aspects (β = 0.12, p < .05)

▫ Self-rated PTSD (β = − 0.14, p < .05)

▫ Socio-economic living conditions (β = − 0.27, p < .01)

• WHOQOL social was not significantly different between group 1 and group 2.

Regression

• Psychopathology and socio-economic living conditions were not associated with overall QoL

• Anxiety disorders, PTSD, long asylum procedure, adverse life events after arrival, and family issues were not associated with physical QoL

• Having one or more psychiatric disorders, depressive disorders, a long asylum procedure, adverse events after arrival and family issues were not associated with psychological QoL

• Psychopathology, adverse events after arrival, family issues and socioeconomic living conditions were not associated with social QoL

• One or more psychiatric disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, long asylum procedure, adverse events after arrival, and family issues were not associated with environmental QoL

Lee et al. [31]

Japan

North Korea

81

Refugees (resettled in Japan vs. resettled in South Korea)

Cross -sectional

Support center

WHOQOL-Bref

BDI

● Resettled in Japan vs. Resettled in South Korea

● Overall QOL (p < .05), Korea scoring higher

● WHOQOL Physical (p < .05), Korea scoring higher

● WHOQOL Mental (p < .01), Korea scoring higher

● WHOQOL social (p < .05), Korea scoring higher

● WHOQOL environment (p < .001), Korea scoring higher

None reported

Leiler et al. [32]

Sweden

Afghanistan, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Eritrea, Somalia

510

AS&R

Cross-sectional

Housing facilities

WHOQOL-BREF

PHQ-9, GAD-7, PC-PTSD

● WHOQOL Physical

▫ Depression (r = − 0.58, p < .001)

▫ Anxiety (r = − 0.52, p < .001)

▫ PTSD (r = − 0.36, p < .001)

● WHOQOL Psychological

▫ Depression (r = − 0.38, p < .001)

▫ Anxiety (r = − 0.32, p < .001)

▫ PTSD (r = − 0.21, p < .001)

● WHOQOL Social

▫ Depression (r = − 0.37, p < .001)

▫ Anxiety (r = − 0.37, p < .001)

▫ PTSD (r = − 0.27, p < .001)

● WHOQOL Environment

▫ Depression (r = − 0.34, p < .001)

▫ Anxiety (r = − 0.33, p < .001)

▫ PTSD (r = − 0.23, p < .001)

No significant differences found between asylum seekers and refugees neither in the domain scores nor in overall QoL score.

Löfvander, Rosenblad, Wiklund, Bennström & Leppert [33]

Sweden

Somalia, Iraq, Syria

66 pairs of refugees and matched Swedish born

Refugees

Longitudinal Case-Control

Asylum and integration healthcare center

WHOQOL-Bref [4]

GHQ-12, GAF

● Between Groups (Men)

○ Psychological (Baseline; p = .020)

○ Social Relations (Baseline; p = .002, 6 Months p < .001, 12 Months p = .001)

● Between Groups (Women)

○ Social Relations (6 Months; p = .030)

● Between Groups (Mixed)

○ Psychological (Baseline; p = .004, 6 Months; p = .025, 12 Months; p = .041)

○ Social (Baseline; p = .002, 6 Months; p < .001, 12 Months; p = .001)

Between groups (men)

• No significant differences for physical QoL or environmental QoL at any timepoint.

• No significant differences at 6-months or 12-months for psychological QoL.

Between groups (women)

• No significant differences for physical, psychological or environmental QoL at any timepoint.

• No significant differences at baseline or at 12 months for social QoL

Between groups (mixed)

• No significant differences for physical or environmental QoL at any timepoint

Regev & Slonim-Nevo [34]

Israel

Sudan

300

AS&R

Cross-sectional

Community

WHOQOL-Bref

HTQ, PCL-C, BSI, MSPSS

● Overall model for WHOQOL was significant (r² = 0.07, p < .001)

○ Social support (β = 0.32, p < .001)

○ Other’s traumatic events (β = 0.27, p < .001)

▫ Gender (β = − 0.32, p < .001)

▫ Self-traumatic events (β = − 0.20, p < .001)

● Length of stay was not a significant predictor of QoL

Slonim-Nevo [35]

Israel

Sudan

340

AS&R

Cross-sectional

Community

WHOQOL-Bref

HTQ, Language proficiency in Hebrew, PMLD, perceived discrimination, PCL-C, BSI, AIS, CSQ, FAD, MSPSS

● Overall model for WHOQOL Physical was significant (r² = 0.32, p < .001)

○ Legal status (β = 0.14, p < .01)

▫ PTSD (β = − 0.40, p < .001)

▫ Perceived discrimination (β = − 0.30, p < .001)

● Overall model for WHOQOL Psychological was significant (r² = 0.31, p < .001)

▫ PTSD status (β = − 0.29, p < .001)

▫ Perceived discrimination (β = − 0.38, p < .001)

● Overall model for WHOQOL Social was significant (r² = 0.12, p < .001)

▫ PTSD (β = − 0.27, p < .001)

▫ Perceived discrimination (β = − 0.15, p < .05)

● Overall model for WHOQOL Environment was significant (r² = 0.25, p < .001)

▫ Perceived discrimination (β = − 0.24, p < .001)

▫ Post-migration living difficulties (β = − 0.38, p < .001)

● WHOQOL Physical

○ Gender

○ Post-migration living difficulties

● WHOQOL psychological

○ Gender

○ Legal status

○ Post-migration living difficulties

● WHOQOL Social

○ Gender

○ Legal status

○ Post-migration living difficulties

● WHOQOL Environment

○ Gender

○ Legal status

○ PTSD diagnosis

Stammel et al. [36]

Germany

Iran, Chechnya, Turkey, Syria, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq, Other countries of the russian Federation, Armenia, Kenya, Angola, Chile, Lebanon

76

AS&R

Longitudinal

Center for torture victims

EUROHIS-QOL

MINI, PDS, HSCL-25, SCL-90-R

● Multilevel analysis revealed QoL increased significantly after an average of 14 months of treatment (Pseudo R² = .14, β = 0.42, 95% CI [0.29, 0.55], p < .001).

● Not specified

Teodorescu, Siqveland, Heir, Hauff, Wentzel-Larsen & Lien [37]

Norway

Eastern Europe, Africa, Middle East, Far East, Latin America

55

Refugees

Cross-Sectional

Hospital outpatient department

WHOQOL-Bref [4]

LEC, CAPS, SCID-PTSD, MINI, IES-R, HSCL-25, PTGI-SF

● Bivariate correlations

● WHOQOL Physical

○ Posttraumatic growth (r_s = .51, p < ..001)

▫ Weak social network (r_s = −.35, p < .01)

▫ Poor social integration (r_s = −.32, p < .05)

▫ Unemployment (r_s = −.34, p < .05)

▫ Posttraumatic stress (rs = −.45, p < .01)

▫ Depression (r_s = −.59, p < .001)

● WHOQOL Psychological

○ Posttraumatic growth (r_s = .58, p < ..001)

○ Physical QoL (r_s = .73, p < .001)

▫ Weak social network (r_s = −.53, p < .001)

▫ Poor social integration (r_s = −.37, p < .01)

▫ Unemployment (r_s = −.31, p < .05)

▫ Posttraumatic stress (r_s = −.53, p < .001)

▫ Depression (r_s = −.58, p < .001)

● WHOQOL social

○ Posttraumatic growth (r_s = .41, p < .01)

○ Physical QoL (r_s = .46, p < .001)

○ Psychological QoL (r_s = .54, p < .001)

▫ Weak social network (r_s = −.61, p < .001)

▫ Poor social integration (r_s = −.48, p < .001)

▫ Unemployment (r_s = −.37, p < .01)

▫ Posttraumatic stress (r_s = −.45, p < .01)

▫ Depression (r_s = −.54, p < .001)

● WHOQOL environment

○ Posttraumatic growth (r_s = .49, p < .001)

○ Physical QoL (r_s = .48, p < .001)

○ Psychological QoL (r_s = .53, p < .001)

○ Social QoL (r_s = .62, p < .001)

▫ Weak social network (r_s = −.56, p < .001)

▫ Poor social integration (r_s = −.40, p < .01)

▫ Unemployment (r_s = −.38, p < .01)

▫ Posttraumatic stress (r_s = −.38, p < .01)

▫ Depression (rs = −.51, p < .001)

● Overall QoL

○ Posttraumatic growth (r_s = .47, p < .001)

○ Physical QoL (r_s = .62, p < .001)

○ Psychological QoL (r_s = .71, p < .001)

○ Social QoL (r_s = .39, p < .01

○ Environmental QoL (r_s = .48, p < .001)

▫ Weak social network (r_s = −.39, p < .01)

▫ Poor social Integration (r_s = −.38, p < .01)

▫ Posttraumatic stress (r_s = −.65, p < .001)

▫ Depression (r_s = −.70, p < .001)

● Regression

● WHOQOL Physical (ΔR² = 0.49, F (4,46) = 13.15, p < .001)

○ Posttraumatic growth (β = 0.37, 95% CI = [.04, 16.22], p < .01)

● WHOQOL Psychological (ΔR² = 0.56, F (4,46) = 17.97, p < .001)

○ Posttraumatic growth (β = 0.39, 95% CI = [9.18, 16.37], p < .001)

▫ Depression (β = − 0.31, 95% CI = [9.18, 16.37], p < .05)

● WHOQOL Social (ΔR² = 0.34, F (4,46) = 7.51, p < .001)

▫ Depression (β = − 0.43, 95% CI = [11.21, 21.41], p < .05)

● WHOQOL Environmental (ΔR² = 0.38, F (4,46) = 8.79, p < .001)

○ Posttraumatic growth (β = 0.33, 95% CI = [11.28, 18.86], p < .01)

▫ Depression (β = − 0.33, 95% CI = [11.28, 18.86], p < .05)

▫ Gender (β = − 0.26, 95% CI = [11.28, 18.86], p < .05)

▫ Unemployment (β = − 0.25, 95% CI = [11.28, 18.86], p < .05)

Correlations

● Non-significant correlations reported between age and physical, psychological, social, environmental and overall QoL.

● Non-significant correlations reported between gender and physical, psychological, social, environmental and overall QoL.

● Non-significant correlation reported between overall QoL and unemployment

Regression model

● Posttraumatic stress symptoms did not significantly predict any of the four domains of QoL

● Gender did not significantly predict physical, psychological or social QoL.

● Depressive symptoms did not significantly predict physical QoL

● Posttraumatic growth did not significantly predict social QoL

● Unemployment did not significantly predict physical, psychological or social QoL

Trilesnik et al. [38]

Germany

Not specified

133

Refugees

Cross-sectional

Psychosocial counseling centers

WHOQOL-BREF

WEMWBS, HSCL-25, HTQ, SCL-90, PMLDC,

● Post-migration living difficulties and overall WHOQOL (r = −.54, p < .001)

● No significant difference between post-treatment and pre-treatment levels of well-being.

Von Lersner et al. [39]

Germany

Bosnia, Serbia, Kosovo, Iraq, Turkey

100

Refugees

(Stayers vs.returnees)

Cross-sectional

Refugee centres, language schools and doctors’ offices.

EUROHIS-QOL

PDS, MINI,

● Stayers

○ Healthy participants vs. those with mental disorder(s) (t (37.4) = 5.65, p < .01) with healthy participants having higher QoL

▫ Age and QoL (r = −.39, p < .05)

● No significant difference in returnees between mentally healthy participants and participants with at least one mental disorder on QoL