Health and healthcare in North Korea: a retrospective study among defectors

Table 4 Multivariate logistic regression model 2 (weighted): health and healthcare associated with political and economic rights violations

Model 2: Multivariate logistic regression^a	Household Health		Access to Healthcare
Model 2: Multivariate logistic regression^a	Morbidity	Mortality^b	Healthcare Access	Life-threatening illness without care	Life-threatening exposure to cold
Political and Civil Rights	AOR [95%CI]	AOR [95%CI]	AOR [95%CI]	AOR [95%CI]	AOR [95%CI]
Torture & inhumane treatment	1.18 [0.67,2.06]	1.90* [1.06,3.43]	1.04 [0.60,1.83]	3.13*** [1.82,5.37]	2.25** [1.33,3.80]
Discrimination	1.82* [1.09,3.06]	4.45*** [2.37,8.38]	0.64 [0.38,1.08]	2.23** [1.34,3.71]	2.26** [1.36,3.76]
Freedom of movement & residence	3.01*** [1.69,5.38]	5.00*** [1.98,12.65]	0.39** [0.21,0.74]	3.23*** [1.64,6.36]	2.90** [1.53,5.51]
Freedom of thought, expression, & religion	1.80* [1.04,3.11]	5.18*** [2.29,11.72]	1.01 [0.58,1.76]	4.28*** [2.29,8.00]	3.51*** [1.93,6.36]
Arbitrary arrest, disappearance, & detention	2.69*** [1.54,4.70]	5.69*** [2.65,12.24]	0.33*** [0.18,0.59]	8.44*** [4.29,16.62]	3.29*** [1.85,5.84]
Social and Economic rights
Forced labor	1.86* [1.05,3.29]	9.93*** [3.19,30.92]	0.50* [0.27,0.92]	7.95*** [3.50,18.06]	2.41** [1.31,4.43]
Rights to Livelihood	4.02*** [2.32,6.96]	4.03*** [2.11,7.69]	0.48** [0.28,0.82]	8.36*** [4.44,15.74]	6.77*** [3.78,12.12]

^aMultivariate logistic regression model 2: Health outcomes associated with political and economic rights violations (dependent variables) adjusted for a membership of Workers Party Korea; Household Wealth; Poverty; Informal Market Business, and demographic variables (Gender, Age, Edu, Region of Residence)
^bRespondent reporting death of family member due to life threatening illness without care
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001

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