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Table 4 Coefficient on conflict rate – Different measures of conflict, disaggregated by survey year

From: Violent conflict and breastfeeding: the case of Iraq

VARIABLES

Ever breastfed

Breastfed one hour after birth

Exclusively breastfeeding

(< 6 months)

Currently breastfeeding (all ages)

Currently breastfeeding

(< 6 months)

Currently breastfeeding

(6–24 months)

Average casualty rate in 3 years prior to survey in governorate of household

 2006 and 2011 merged

  Casualty rate

−0.306**

− 0.209

− 0.0973

−0.205*

− 0.343**

−0.167

(0.126)

(0.293)

(0.306)

(0.l09)

(0.169)

(0.127)

[−0.0375]

[− 0.0817]

[− 0.0274]

[− 0.0730]

[− 0.0609]

[− 0.0649]

 2011 only

  Casualty rate

− 0.430**

− 0.267

− 0.674

−0.416***

− 0.640***

−0.446***

(0.197)

(0.486)

(0.582)

(0.0905)

(0.234)

(0.112)

[− 0.0545]

[− 0.106]

[− 0.183]

[0.150]

[− 0.117]

[− 0.175]

 2006 only

  Casualty rate

−0.201

− 0.186

0.144

0.00535

−0.287**

0.139

(0.140)

(0.274)

(0.280)

(0.0761)

(0.137)

(0.0934)

[−0.0184]

[−0.0625]

[0.0460]

[0.00168]

[−0.0445]

[0.0508]

Average casualty rate in 2 years prior to birth of child in governorate of household

 2006 and 2011 merged

  Casualty rate

−0.198**

− 0.127

− 0.223

−0.242**

− 0.0892

−0.405**

(0.0995)

(0.160)

(0.103)

(0.110)

(0.0760)

(0.171)

[−0.0225]

[− 0.0499]

[− 0.00626]

[− 0.0861]

[− 0.0159]

[− 0.158]

 2011 only

  Casualty rate

−0.391

−0.558

− 0.785

−1.652***

−1.039

− 1.364***

(0.325)

(0.551)

(1.232)

(0.364)

(0.648)

(0.260)

[−0.0457]

[−0.221]

[− 0.213]

[− 0.595]

[−0.190]

[− 0.533]

 2006 only

  Casualty rate

−0.200***

−0.0534

− 0.113

0.121

− 0.119

0.0835

(0.0603)

(0.199)

(0.0894)

(0.101)

(0.0810)

(0.0814)

[−0.0173]

[− 0.0180]

[− 0.0361]

[0.0378]

[− 0.0184]

[0.0304]

  1. Robust standard errors in parentheses, clustered at level of governorate. Marginal effects in brackets, evaluated at the mean. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1. All regressions use the same set of controls as in Table 3