Exposure to family and organized violence and associated mental health in north Korean refugee youth compared to south Korean youth

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics

	North (n = 62)		South (n = 65)		Statistical test
	North (n = 62)		South (n = 65)		t	X ²	Fisher’s exact test
Age (years), M (SD)	19.82 (range: 15–25)	2.81	18.97 (range: 18–21)	.53	2.35*	–	–
Sex, n (%)
Male	17	27.4	32	49.2	–	6.37*	–
Female	45	72.6	33	50.8
Education, n (%)
Middle school	8	12.9	0	0	–	–	164.39***
High school	54	87.1	0	0
High school graduates	0	0	65	100
Parents alive, n (%)
Both	31	51.7	64	98.5	–	–	41.38***
One parent only	27	45	1	1.5
Both are not alive	2	3.3	0	0
Household members, n (%)
Both parents	11	18.6	54	83.1	–	–	–
One parent	28	47.5	8	12.3
Relative/friend/NGO	12	20.3	3	4.6
No one	10	16.9	1	1.5
Economic support, n (%)
Both parents	6	10	56	87.5	–	–	–
One parent	25	41.7	7	10.9
Relatives/government/NGO	19	31.7	2	3.1
Earn my own money	18	27.7	1	1.6
Years since arrival in South Korea, M (SD)	2.9 (range: 0–9)	2.1	–	–	–	–	–
Duration of flight, n (%)
1–4 weeks	11	18	–	–	–	–	–
2–12 months	31	50.8	–	–
1–3 years	9	14.8	–	–
more than 3 years	10	16.4	–	–
Experienced forced repatriation to North Korea, n (%)
Yes	6	10.2	–	–	–	–	–
No	53	89.8	–	–

For Household members and Economic support, participants were able to answer multiple responses; M mean, SD Standard deviation, *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001

ISSN: 1752-1505