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Table 5 Associations between Health Outcomes and Migration

From: Migration patterns & their associations with health and human rights in eastern Myanmar after political transition: results of a population-based survey using multistaged household cluster sampling

 

HH with in-migrants

HH with out-migrants

HH without migrants

Adjusted Risk Ratio: IN vs. NON (95% CI)

Adjusted Risk Ratio: OUT vs. NON (95% CI)

Respondents

n, % (95% CI)

n, % (95% CI)

n, % (95% CI)

  

PHQ Depression Scale

 0–3

89, 99.1% (97.4–100%)

901, 91.7% (87.9–95.4%)

4764, 95.6% (94.4–96.8%)

1.03 [1.00, 1.05]

0.96 [0.92, 1.00]

 4–6

1, 0.9% (0–2.6%)

78, 8.3% (4.6–12.1%)

252, 4.4% (3.2–5.6%)

0.25 [0.03, 1.88]

1.85 [1.16, 2.97]

Self-Reported Health

 Good

42, 43.1% (27.8–58.3%)

473, 38.6% (32.4–44.8%)

2605, 45.5% (40.7–50.2%)

0.94 [0.65, 1.37]

0.97 [0.84, 1.11]

 Fair

37, 46.7% (32.2–61.2%)

412, 48.7% (43.8–54.6%)

2016, 45.8% (41.2–50.4%)

1.05 [0.77, 1.43]

0.97 [0.88, 1.08]

 Poor

12, 10.2% (2.3–18.2%)

105, 12.7% (8.4–17%)

433, 8.7% (7.1–10.4%)

1.17 [0.57, 2.40]

1.28 [0.90, 1.81]

Health Care Provider

n, % (95% CI)

n, % (95% CI)

n, % (95% CI)

Adjusted Risk Ratio: IN vs. NON (95% CI)

Adjusted Risk Ratio: OUT vs. NON (95% CI)

 Government Health Center

6, 6.7% (0–15.7%)

60, 8.1% (4.2–12.1%)

383, 8.3% (6.1–10.6%)

0.84 [0.28, 2.56]

1.24 [0.76, 2.01]

 Ethnic Clinic

20, 31.6% (15.5–47.8%)

113, 18.4% (11.3–25.6%)

612, 18.2% (13.2–23.3%)

1.40 [0.87, 2.24]

0.93 [0.70, 1.25]

 VHW or Medic

26, 41.6% (24.3–58.9%)

332, 45.5% (34.9–56.2%)

1673, 51.2% (44.1–58.3%)

0.78 [0.48, 1.25]

0.90 [0.73, 1.12]

 Traditional Healer

2, 5.8% (0–12.9%)

8, 1.3% (0.2–2.4%)

63, 2.6% (1.3–3.8%)

4.16 [1.33, 13.02]

0.44 [0.16, 1.17]

 Friend or Relative or Family

0, 0.0% (0–0%)

41, 7.7% (2.2–13.2%)

159, 4.5% (2.9–6.2%)

0.00 [0.00, 0.00]

1.53 [0.89, 2.62]

 Pharmacy

7, 14.2% (3.2–25.3%)

93, 18.9% (13–24.8%)

383, 15.1% (10.2–20.1%)

0.87 [0.43, 1.75]

1.18 [0.93, 1.50]

All subjects

n, % (95% CI)

n, % (95% CI)

n, % (95% CI)

Adjusted Risk Ratio: IN vs. NON (95% CI)

Adjusted Risk Ratio: OUT vs. NON (95% CI)

 Slept under ITN last night

393, 72.5% (58.4–86.7%)

3277, 64.5% (58.1–70.9%)

16,725, 63.5% (58.2–68.7%)

1.08 [0.89, 1.30]

1.08 [0.99, 1.17]

 Pf positive (RDT)

2, 3.8% (0–10.8%)

10, 2.5% (0.3–4.6%)

33, 2.1% (0.9–3.2%)

0.97 [0.10, 9.05]

1.08 [0.38, 3.09]

WRA

n, % (95% CI)

n, % (95% CI)

n, % (95% CI)

Adjusted Risk Ratio: IN vs. NON (95% CI)

Adjusted Risk Ratio: OUT vs. NON (95% CI)

 Malnutrition among WRA

13, 17.8% (6–29.6%)

99, 12.9% (9.2–16.7%)

383, 10.7% (8.4–13.1%)

2.08 [1.29, 3.36]

1.09 [0.78, 1.52]

 Unmet Need for Contraception

18, 34.5% (21.9–47.1%)

119, 32.7% (25.8–39.6%)

454, 19.7% (16.9–22.5%)

1.58 [1.11, 2.26]

1.22 [0.95, 1.56]

Who attended last delivery?

n, % (95% CI)

n, % (95% CI)

n, % (95% CI)

Adjusted Risk Ratio: IN vs. NON (95% CI)

Adjusted Risk Ratio: OUT vs. NON (95% CI)

 Doctor

6, 6.7% (0.5–12.9%)

21, 6.4% (2.3–10.4%)

160, 5.0% (3.4–6.5%)

1.49 [0.62, 3.59]

1.32 [0.62, 2.82]

 HA

6, 9.6% (0.8–18.3%)

19, 5.95 (2.1–9.7%)

110, 6.1% (3.3–8.8%)

1.95 [0.84, 4.53]

1.38 [0.86, 2.22]

 Medic

15, 23.7% (6.8–40.6%)

39, 9.9% (5.1–14.7%)

187, 6.8% (4.3–9.3%)

1.70 [1.00, 2.91]

1.36 [0.90, 2.06]

 TBA

21, 52.0% (27.7–76.3%)

22, 64.5% (56–72.9%)

1406, 74.2% (68.9–79.5%)

0.80 [0.54, 1.18]

0.88 [0.78, 0.99]

 Other

5, 8.0% (0.6–15.4%)

34, 13.4% (6.5–20.2%)

102, 8.0% (4.6–11.3%)

0.99 [0.35, 2.86]

1.23 [0.78, 1.94]

 Doctor (binary version)

6, 6.1% (0.4–11.8%)

246.2 (2.5–10%)

195, 5.4% (3.8–7%)

1.24 [0.50, 3.03]

1.24 [0.62, 2.49]

 HA (binary version)

8, 10.0% (1.6–18.4%)

28, 6.6% (3.1–10.2%)

144, 6.9% (3.9–9.9%)

1.79 [0.83, 3.83]

1.38 [0.88, 2.15]

 Medic (binary version)

26, 24.2% (8.4–39.9%)

60, 15.9% (10.2–21.7%)

292, 10.3% (7.3–13.3%)

1.50 [0.91, 2.48]

1.45 [1.04, 2.02]

 THW (binary version)

24, 54.8% (32–6,77%)

253, 68.6% (60.6–76.5%)

1635, 77.1% (72.-81.7%)

0.80 [0.57, 1.13]

0.89 [0.80, 0.99]

 Other (binary version)

9, 13.4% (4.1–22.6%)

41, 15.3% (8.5–22.1%)

194, 14.1% (9–19.2%)

0.97 [0.45,2.09]

0.87 [0.56,1.35]

Children under 5

n, % (95% CI)

n, % (95% CI)

n, % (95% CI)

Adjusted Risk Ratio: IN vs. NON (95% CI)

Adjusted Risk Ratio: OUT vs. NON (95% CI)

 Slept under ITN last night

69, 80.7% (68.6–92.8%)

420, 72.6% (64.8–80.5%)

2477, 68.7% (62.7–74.7%)

1.10 [0.96, 1.27]

1.13 [1.02, 1.24]

MUAC

 Mild

3, 4.2% (0–10%)

50, 15.2% (11.3–19.1%)

334, 14.4% (11.7–17%)

0.33 [0.08,1.36]

1.09 [0.78,1.52]

 Moderate

1, 0.7% (0–2.1%)

24, 6.6% (3.7–9.5%)

142, 6.3% (4.4–8.3%)

0.13 [0.02, 0.99]

1.24 [0.73, 2.12]

 Severe

0, 0.0% (0–0%)

13, 4.0% (1.6–6.5%)

97, 5.4% (2.9–7.9%)

0.00 [0.00, 0.00]

0.75 [0.40, 1.38]

 GAM (Moderate or severe)

1, 0.5% (0–1.4%)

37, 7.3% (4.3–10.2%)

239, 8.7% (5.9–11.4%)

0.06 [0.01, 0.49]

0.95 [0.59, 1.51]

 Child Diarrhea, 2wks

18, 26.2% (13.9–38.6%)

127, 24.6% (18.6–30.5%)

617, 18.4% (15.7–21%)

1.36 [0.86, 2.15]

1.34 [1.03, 1.73]

 Receipt of Vitamin A

14, 28.8% (9.7–47.9%)

182, 42.2% (34.2–50.3%)

1107,40.8% (34.9–46.8%)

0.82 [0.49, 1.37]

1.07 [0.88, 1.30]

 Receipt of Deworming

27, 48.1% (30.8–65.4%)

206, 53.8% (45.8–61.9%)

1345, 55.4% (49.9–61%)

0.87 [0.58, 1.31]

0.98 [0.84, 1.14]

Birth record

n, % (95% CI)

n, % (95% CI)

n, % (95% CI)

Adjusted Risk Ratio: IN vs. NON (95% CI)

Adjusted Risk Ratio: OUT vs. NON (95% CI)

 No record

40, 47.4% (35.8–58.9%)

284, 48.8% (40.7–56.9%)

1853, 56.4% (50.6–62.2%)

0.83 [0.63,1.09]

0.85 [0.76,0.96]

 Ethnic record

23, 33.6% (20–47.1%)

139, 36.6% (27.9–45.3%)

783, 32.2% (26–38.3%)

1.07 [0.74, 1.53]

1.12 [0.92, 1.37]

 Government record

7, 10.3% (0.8–19.8%)

94, 12.7% (6.8–18.5%)

511, 9.9% (7.3–12.5%)

1.22 [0.50, 2.98]

1.76 [1.20, 2.59]

 Other country’s record

9, 8.7% (1.3–16.1%)

21, 2.0% (0.7–3.2%)

95, 1.5% (0.9–2.2%)

2.31 [0.83, 6.47]

1.17 [0.72, 1.91]

HH level outcomes

n, % or Mean (95% CI)

n, % or Mean (95% CI)

n, % or Mean (95% CI)

Adjusted Risk Ratio: IN vs. NON (95% CI)

Adjusted Risk Ratio: OUT vs. NON (95% CI)

 Household has latrine

44, 31.0% 18.2–43.8%)

606, 51.9% (43.5–60.3%)

3075, 53.4% (47.8–59.1%)

0.60 [0.38, 0.94]

0.94 [0.83, 1.08]

 Number of ITNs per person

0.42 (0.35, 0.49)

0.46 (0.40,0.53)

0.41 (0.38, 0.45)

0.02 [−0.05, 0.09]

0.14 [0.08, 0.19]

Mortality

Deaths

Incidence per 1000

Deaths

Incidence per 1000

Deaths

Incidence per 1000

Adjusted Incidence

Adjusted Incidence

 Crude mortality rate

2

6 (0, 15.3)

51

9 (4.6, 12.8)

177

9 (6.5, 11.7)

0.72 [0.14, 3.60]

0.94 [0.57, 1.57]

 Child death ASDR-5

2

40 (0, 100)

16

42(13.4, 71)

65

28 (17.4,39.2)

1.62 [0.30, 8.82]

1.53 [0.71, 3.30]

  1. 24 HH with in and out-migration omitted from this analysis