Table 2 Factor loadings and Cronbach alphas (last row of table) for the injunctive social norms scales (N = 587)

Expect a husband to abandon his wife if she reports that she has been raped

Expect the family to ignore/reject a daughter if she reports that she has been raped

Accept sexual violence against women and girls a normal part of life

Blame women/girls when they are raped

Think that a man should have the right to demand sex from a woman or girl even if he is not married to her

Expect women/girls to not report rape to protect the family dignity

Expect that a woman/girl’s reputation will be damaged if she reports sexual violence to the authorities or elders

Fear stigma if they were to report sexual violence

Expect sexual violence to be handled within the family and not reported to authorities

Expect a husband or father to retaliate against the alleged perpetrators

Expect women and girls to only report sexual violence if they have serious physical injuries

Think that when a man beats his wife, he is showing his love for her

Think that a man has the right to beat/punish his wife

Think it is okay for a husband to beat his wife to discipline her

Expect a husband to force his wife to have sex when she does not want to

Cronbach’s Alpha