A factor analytic investigation of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms in a culturally diverse sample of refugees resettled in Australia

Table 1 Symptom mapping of five competing PTSD models

PTSD Symptoms (DSM-5)	DSM-5 (4-factor)	Dysphoria (4-factor)	Dysphoric Arousal (5-factor)	Anhedonia (6-factor)	Externalising Behaviours (6-factor)
B1: Recurrent thoughts of trauma	R	R	R	R	R
B2: Recurrent dreams of trauma	R	R	R	R	R
B3: Flashbacks	R	R	R	R	R
B4: Psychological cue reactivity	R	R	R	R	R
B5: Physiological cue reactivity	R	R	R	R	R
C1: Avoidance of thoughts of trauma	AV	AV	AV	AV	AV
C2: Avoidance of reminders of trauma	AV	AV	AV	AV	AV
D1: Trauma-related amnesia	NAMC	D	NAMC	NA	N
D2: Negative beliefs^a	NAMC	D	NAMC	NA	N
D3: Distorted blame^a	NAMC	D	NAMC	NA	N
D4: Persistent negative emotional state^a	NAMC	D	NAMC	NA	N
D5: Diminished interest in activities	NAMC	D	NAMC	An	N
D6: Feelings of detachment from others	NAMC	D	NAMC	An	N
D7: Inability to experience positive emotions	NAMC	D	NAMC	An	N
E1: Irritability or anger	A	D	DA	DA	EB
E2: Reckless or self-destructive behaviour^a	A	D	DA	DA	EB
E3: Hypervigilance	A	A	AA	AA	AA
E4: Exaggerated startle response	A	A	AA	AA	AA
E5: Difficulty concentrating	A	D	DA	DA	DA
E6: Sleeping difficulties	A	D	DA	DA	DA

A = alternations in arousal and reactivity, AA = anxious arousal, An = anhedonia, AV = avoidance, D = dysphoria, DA = dysphoric arousal, EB = externalising behaviours, H = Hyperarousal, N = numbing, NA = negative affect, NAMC = negative alterations to mood and cognitions, R = re-experiencing. ^a = symptoms in DSM-5 criteria that were not present in the DSM-IV criteria

ISSN: 1752-1505