|
Basic services and security
|
|
1
|
Creating safety and protection from harm
|
Ager et al. [17]
|
Protection outcomes (sense of safety, exual exploitation and rape, physical injuries, referrals, reporting); social and emotional wellbeing
|
Low: Program evaluations
|
|
2
|
Playing
|
Apfel and Simon [1]; Betancourt et al. [14]
|
Resilience; wellbeing; self-confidence; emotional regulation
|
Low: Case or cross-sectional studies
|
|
Strengthening family and community support
|
|
3
|
Community capacity building
|
Apfel and Simon [1]; Ager et al. [17]; Peltonen & Punamäki [6]
|
Knowledge of protection systems; sense of order and sanity; PTSD; improved psychosocial wellbeing
|
Low: Program evaluations
|
|
4
|
Increasing social support
|
Apfel and Simon [1]; Peltonen & Punamäki [6]
|
Resilience; PTSD; improved psychosocial wellbeing
|
Low: Program evaluation and clinical experience
|
|
5
|
Family and caregiver capacity building
|
Apfel and Simon [1]; Jordans, Pigott and Tol [36]
|
Ability of caregivers to provide consistent and reliable care; depression; PTSD; anxiety symptoms; hope
|
High: Statistical testing of mechanism
|
|
6
|
Family and caregiver relationship strengthening.
|
Apfel and Simon [1]; Betancourt et al. [14]; Jordans, Pigott and Tol [36]
|
Further traumatic experience; psychosocial functioning; mental health; maternal mental health; depression; PTSD; anxiety symptoms; hope
|
High: Statistical testing of mechanism
|
|
7
|
Engaging with values, traditions, religious and non-religious beliefs, and ideologies
|
Apfel and Simon [1]; Betancourt et al. [14]; Tol, Song and Jordans [11]
|
Morale and healing; maintaining the right to be alive despite suicidal despair; drive to survive; community and personal restitution; empowerment; reintegration into communities; wellbeing
|
Low: Qualitative studies or clinical experience
|
|
Focused non-specialist support
|
|
8
|
Learning about the presenting problem, medication, and how to access services (psychoeducation)
|
Betancourt et al. [14]
|
Medication compliance; access to services; distress
|
Moderate: Statistic testing but of intervention not mechanism
|
|
9
|
Learning stress management skills
|
Peltonen & Punamäki [6]
|
PTSD; psychosocial wellbeing
|
Moderate: Statistic testing but of intervention not mechanism
|
|
10
|
Emotional regulation and bearing negative emotions
|
Apfel and Simon [1]; Peltonen & Punamäki [6]
|
Chances of survival; resilience
|
Low: Program evaluation and clinical experience
|
|
11
|
Problem solving
|
Jordans, Pigott and Tol [36]
|
Depression; PTSD; anxiety symptoms; hope
|
High: Statistical testing of mechanism
|
|
12
|
Learned helpfulness
|
Apfel and Simon [1]; Betancourt et al. [14]
|
Helplessness; wellbeing
|
Moderate: Statistical testing but of intervention not mechanism
|
|
Specialist support
|
|
13
|
Adverse mechanism: Pathologising normal reactions
|
Apfel and Simon [1]
|
Alienating participants
|
Low: Clinical experience
|
|
14
|
Trauma processing through narratives, exposure, dreaming or play
|
Apfel and Simon [1]; Betancourt et al. [14]; Jordans, Pigott and Tol [36]; Peltonen & Punamäki [6]
|
Memory integration; PTSD; depression; PTSD; anxiety symptoms; hope; psychosocial wellbeing
|
Moderate: Statistical testing but of intervention not mechanism
|
|
15
|
Restructuring unhelpful cognitions and appraisals
|
Peltonen & Punamäki [6]
|
PTSD; psychosocial wellbeing
|
Moderate: Statistical testing but of intervention not mechanism
|
|
16
|
Therapeutic rapport
|
Jordans, Pigott and Tol. [36]
|
PTSD; anxiety symptoms; hope
|
High: Statistical testing of mechanism
|
