Table 2 Unadjusted Associations between Risk Factors and Vitamin A Deficiency
From: Risk factors for vitamin A and D deficiencies among children under-five in the state of Palestine
| Risk Factor | Subcategory | N (%) | Deficient N (%) | ORa | 95% CI | p-valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Total | 1054(100) | 771(73.1) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Age Group | < 1 | 131(12.5) | 94(71.8) | 1 | Test-for- trend: 0.299 | |
| 1–2 | 268(25.5) | 192(71.6) | 0.99 | 0.63–1.58 | ||
| 2–3 | 270(25.7) | 199(73.7) | 1.10 | 0.69–1.76 | ||
| 3–4 | 200(19.1) | 141(70.5) | 0.94 | 0.58–1.53 | ||
| 4+ | 180(17.2) | 140(77.8) | 1.38 | 0.82–2.31 | ||
| Gender | Male | 567(53.8) | 414(73.0) | 1 | 0.916 | |
| Female | 487(46.2) | 357(73.3) | 1.01 | 0.77–1.33 | ||
| Mother’s Education | Illiterate/Elementary | 59(5.7) | 47(79.7) | 1 | Test-for- trend: 0.008 | |
| Preparatory/Secondary | 657(63.3) | 493 (75.0) | 0.77 | 0.40–1.48 | ||
| Diploma/BA/Postgrad | 322(31.0) | 218(67.7) | 0.54 | 0.27–1.05 | ||
| Province | West Bank | 569(54.0) | 417(73.3) | 1 | 0.914 | |
| Gaza Strip | 485(46.0) | 354(73.0) | 0.99 | 0.75–1.29 | ||
| District | Jenin | 71(6.7) | 50(70.4) | 1 | < 0.001 | |
| Tulkarm | 45(4.3) | 37(82.2) | 1.94 | 0.78–4.87 | ||
| Nablus | 68(6.5) | 47(69.1) | 0.94 | 0.46–1.94 | ||
| Qalqiliya | 30(2.8) | 18(60.0) | 0.63 | 0.26–1.54 | ||
| Salfit | 15(1.4) | 14(93.3) | 5.88 | 0.73–47.6 | ||
| Tubas | 11(1.0) | 4(36.4) | 0.24 | 0.06–0.91 | ||
| Ramallah &Al-Bireh | 83(7.9) | 60(72.3) | 1.10 | 0.54–2.21 | ||
| Jericho & Aghwar | 15(1.4) | 14(93.3) | 5.88 | 0.73–47.6 | ||
| Jerusalem | 30(2.8) | 20(66.7) | 0.84 | 0.33–2.10 | ||
| Bethlehem | 29(2.8) | 29(100.0) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Hebron | 114(10.8) | 74(64.9) | 0.78 | 0.41–1.47 | ||
| South Hebron | 58(5.5) | 50(86.2) | 2.63 | 1.06–6.48 | ||
| North Gaza | 86(8.2) | 56(65.1) | 0.78 | 0.40–1.54 | ||
| Gaza | 173(16.4) | 131(75.7) | 1.31 | 0.71–2.43 | ||
| Deir El Balah | 68(6.5) | 51(75.0) | 1.26 | 0.60–2.66 | ||
| Khan Yunis | 96(9.1) | 68(70.8) | 1.02 | 0.52–2.00 | ||
| Rafah | 62(5.9) | 48(77.4) | 1.44 | 0.66–3.15 | ||
| Type of Community | City | 460(43.6) | 347(75.4) | 1 | 0.058 | |
| Village | 313(29.7) | 224(71.6) | 0.82 | 0.59–1.13 | ||
| Camp | 263(25.0) | 183(69.6) | 0.74 | 0.53–1.04 | ||
| Bedouin camp | 18(1.7) | 17(94.4) | 5.54 | 0.73–42.1 | ||
| Has the child ever been breastfed? | Yes | 1026(97.3) | 753(73.4) | 1 | 0.283 | |
| No | 28(2.7) | 18(64.3) | 0.65 | 0.30–1.43 | ||
| Is your child still breastfeeding? | Yes | 140(13.6) | 110(72.6) | 1 | 0.136 | |
| No | 886(86.4) | 643(27.4) | 0.72 | 0.47–1.11 | ||
| Child received feeding at < 6 months of age? | Yes | 415(39.4) | 293(70.6) | 1 | 0.133 | |
| No | 639(60.6) | 478(74.8) | 1.24 | 0.94–1.63 | ||
| Has the child taken vitamin A&D drops? | Yes | 899(86.1) | 655(72.9) | 1 | 0.448 | |
| No | 145(13.9) | 110(75.9) | 1.17 | 0.78–1.76 | ||
| Is the child currently taking the drops? | Yes | 108(12.1) | 80(74.1) | 1 | 0.745 | |
| No | 788(87.9) | 572(72.6) | 0.93 | 0.59–1.47 | ||
| Where does the child receive the drops? | MOH | 437(48.7) | 322 (73.7) | 1 | 0.444 | |
| UNWRA | 325(36.2) | 227(69.9) | 0.83 | 0.60–1.14 | ||
| NGOs | 15(1.7) | 11(73.3) | 0.98 | 0.31–3.15 | ||
| Private | 117(13.0) | 90(76.9) | 1.19 | 0.74–1.92 | ||
| Medical Missions | 3 (0.3) | 3(100) | N/A | N/A |