Depression | ||
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Symptom (English) | Symptom (Nepali idioms) | Relevance rating, Mean (SD) |
1. Depressed mood | To become depressed or sad for a very long time; “udaas wa niraas hunu,” “lamo samayasamma/nirantar roopma dukhi hunu,” “man a -dukhnu,”- “man bhari hunu,” “man khinna hunu,” “birakta lagnu” | 2.84 (0.47) |
2. May attempt suicide | Attempts of suicide or self-harm; “aatma hatya garna khojne,” “afailai haani honey kriyakalap garne” | 2.71 (0.56) |
3. Disturbed sleep | Not being able to sleep at night or restlessness; “nindra nalagne,” “nindrama gadbadi,” “nidauna garho huney” | 2.70 (0.637) |
4. Life is not worth living | Sees no point or meaning in living, feels that life is worthless; “baachna man nalagne,” “jiwan bekaar lagne,” “bachnako kunai saar/artha chaina jasto lagne” | 2.74 (0.44) |
5. Anger and irritability | Easily angered or irritated or frustrated over trivial matters; “sa-sana kurama ris uthne,” “jharko lagne,” “dikka lagne” | 2.68 (0.56) |
Alcohol use problems | ||
1. Slurred speech | Slurred/unclear speech; “boli larbaraune,” “boli bujhna nasakne,” “prasta boli nahune” | 2.86 (0.35) |
2. Uninhibited behavior | Acts or speaks on their own will, unashamed; “man lagyo tyehi garne/bolne,” “laaj namanne” | 2.86 (0.35) |
3. Drinks alcohol frequently | Drinks too often; “barambaar jaad-rakshi piune” | 2.82 (0.39) |
4. Difficulties in controlling alcohol use | Not able to stop or control once drinking starts, strong urge to drink alcohol all the time; “jaad-rakshi khana thalepachi rokna nasakne wa afailai niyantran garna nasakne,” “jaad-rakshi matra khairahana man lagne/khairahane” | 2.78 (0.51) |
5. Smell of alcohol on breath | Strong smell of alcohol on breath most of the time; “sadhai jaso jaad-rakshi ko gandha aaune” | 2.76 (0.52) |
Psychosis | ||
1. Incoherent or irrelevant speech | Others could not comprehend what they say, irrelevant speech, says whatever they like; “boleko kura aruharule bujhna nasakne,” “aasandharbhik kura bolne wa j payo tyehi bolne” | 2.92 (0.40) |
2. Withdrawal, agitation, disorganized behavior | Withdrawal, prefers to stay alone, shows irrelevant or disorganized behavior or activities; “chutiyera basne/eklai basna ruchaune,” “manma ashanti huney,” “asandharbhik/aabewasthit bewahar tatha kriyakalap garne” | 2.84 (0.37) |
3. Difficult to stop or talk to | Talks too much and difficult to stop; “boleko bolekai garne,” “bolna bata rokna garho huney” | 2.76 (0.43) |
4. Social withdrawal and neglect of usual activities | Social withdrawal, neglect of usual activities (such as work, school, neglect of family or social responsibilities); “samajik kriyakalapharu bata alaggiyera basne,” “dainik kriyakalapharu prati bewastha garne” | 2.70 (0.47) |
5. Hallucinations | Hears sound that others cannot hear; “waripari kehi nahuda pani kohi boleko wa kehi awaaz sunne” | 2.68 (0.55) |
Child behavioral problem | ||
1. Frequent and severe temper tantrums | Easily angered, loses temper over trivial things; “chado sa-sana kurama dherai jhokkiney, risaune” | 2.81 (0.40) |
2. Excessive talking or noisiness | Talks often, very noisy, can’t sit without talking; “dherai bolne,” “dherai halla garne,” “naboli basna nasakne” | 2.76 (0.43) |
3. Running away from home | Running away from home; “ghar bata bhagne” | 2.71 (0.46) |
4. Over-activity (excessive for the context or situation) | Too mobile, restlessness or cannot stay in one place; “ekdumai chali rahane wa daudirahane,” “chaatpatayeko jasto huney,” “shaanta bhayera basna nasakne,” “dherai chuk-chuk garne” | 2.70 (0.55) |
5. Truancy from school | Absenteeism/does not attend school regularly; “bidhalaya anupasthit huney, aniyamit roopma janey” | 2.68 (0.64) |