Table 3 Quality assessment of studies included with a pre-post study design based on criteria by Loevinsohn [15]
Quality assessment criteria for pre-post studies without control arm | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Study featuresa | Assessment | Miranda [10] | Mullany [11] |
Study based on explicit theory | Yes/No/Unclear | Yes | Yes |
Adequate description of how educational strategy adapted to local conditions | Yes/No/Unclear | Unclear | Yes |
Example given of materials or educational process | Yes/No/Unclear | Unclear | Yes |
Adequate description of resources required to carry out interventions | Yes/No/Unclear | Unclear | Yes |
Measure outcome before and after intervention | Yes/No/Unclear | Unclear | Yes |
Measurement method same before and after | Yes/No/Unclear | Unclear | Unclear |
Period between education and outcome more than one year | Yes/No/Unclear | Yes | No |
Author claimed positive results for interventions | Yes/No/Unclear | Yes | Unclear |
Paper included discussion of possible biases and caveats (or limitations) | Yes/No/Unclear | Unclear | Unclear |
Paper included P values or confidence interval | Yes/No/Unclear | Yes | No |
Analysis employed some form of modelling such as regression | Yes/No/Unclear | Unclear | Unclear |
Exposure to intervention monitored | Yes/No/Unclear | Yes | Yes |