Table 2 Overview of quantitative studies
Study | Sample and background | Resilience outcome measures* | Mental health outcome and other measures* | Validity/reliability of** measures/language | Statistical test** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Almedom et al.,[29] | 265 Eritrean IDP camp dwellers and urban (non-displaced) residents | SOC-13 | Not specified | SOC-13 translated, adapted, used in 9 Eritrean languages | t-test (2 tailed), Analysis of Variance (RR) |
Jamil et al.,[31] | 116 adult Iraqi refugees resettled in the United States | Not specified | HSCL-25, PDS | Translated/used in Arabic. HSCL-25 Cα; 0.95, 0.88, PDS Cα; 0.94 | Descriptive statistics, Pearson chi square |
Almedom et al.,[29] | 265 Eritrean IDP camp dwellers and urban (non-displaced) residents | SOC-13 | Not specified | SOC-13 translated, adapted, used in 9 Eritrean languages | t-test (2 tailed), Analysis of Variance (RR) |
Pedersen et al.,[25] | 373 adults across five Peruvian rural/semi-rural settlements | Not specified | GHQ-12, HSCL-25, TQ | All instruments subjected to cultural and semantic validation for Quechua language use | Descriptive statistics, Generalized linear regression coefficients |
Kuwert et al.,[32] | 1513 German participants aged >61 (239 displaced in WWII) | RS-11 | PHQ-2, GAD-7, FLZM | No information on translation/adaptation. RS-11 Cα;0.91, PHQ-2 Cα;0.78, GAD-7 Cα;0.89, FLZM Cα;0.83 | X2 test, MANOVA, Stepwise linear regression coefficients |
Beiser et al.,[33] | 100 adult residents from Niger Delta region of Nigeria | Information on exposure to political conflict, social capital, perceived social support | WHO-CIDI-K for PTSD | Translated to Ogoni language, further convergent validation. | Descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients, stepwise linear regression coefficients |
Hooberman et al.,[34] | 75 torture-victim refugees in US from Asia (15), Africa (53), Europe (6) and South America (1) | MSPSS, SES, Cognitive appraisal measure. Moderator variable of coping measured via CSI-SF | HTQ for PTSD | Translated/back translated in to French/Tibetan, interpreters used. HTQ Cα;0.88 | Hierarchical regression models to test moderator effect on resilience variables. |
Andersson,[26] | 98 Finnish adult evacuees from World War II and 54 non-evacuees | EMBU | PCL-C | Swedish versions used. PCL-C Cα;0.90, EMBU Cα; 0.90 | t-test (2 tailed), X2 test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, OR |
Araya et al.,[35] | 749 displaced women in Addis Ababa and 110 displaced women in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. | Perceived social support captured through Social Provisions Scale, Coping strategies, WHOQOL-BREF | SCL-90-R, WHOQoL-BREF, HTQ section 1 | Translated to Amharic and culturally validated. | t-test, X2 test, Multivariate binary logistic regression coefficients |
Beiser et al.,[36] | 1603 Sri Lankan Tamils in Toronto, Canada | Pre/post migration stressors, family-based social support, perceived quality of life | WHO-CIDI-K for PTSD | Translated and back translated to Tamil. Interviews conducted in English/Tamil on preference. | Descriptive statistics, OR and AOR |
Bhui et al.,[28] | 142 Somali refugees in London, UK | CPQ | MINI, Discrimination experiences, Residential mobility | Translated and back translated to Somali with further tests for reliability/validity | Descriptive statistics, OR |
Suarez,[37] | 151 Quechua women from Ayacucho, Peru including displaced, non-displaced and returnees | CD-RISC | HTQ-GEV & HTQ-PTSD-R for PTSD symptoms, TQ-LID, LSQ, socio-demographics | Translated and back translated from English to Spanish to Quechua. Assessed for cultural and semantic validity, used previously validated HTQ and TQ-LID | Descriptive statistics, Hierarchical regression |
Arnetz et al.,[27] | 75 Iraqi refugees and 53 non-Iraqi Arab immigrants in Michigan, US | RS 8-item version | Modified GHQ, PCL for PTSD, Exposure to violence, | Translated and back translated to Arabic. Questionnaire completed in Arabic by participants | X2 test, t-test, Mann–Whitney U-test, Linear regression |