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Table 1 Pain characteristics and pain rating index compared by mental, physical and emotional problems

From: Survivors of war in northern Kosovo (III): The role of anger and hatred in pain and PTSD and their interactive effects on career outcome, quality of sleep and suicide ideation

 

Score of sensory component

Score of affective component

Pain rating index

Mental and physical problems

N

Unadjusted OR (95% CI) P value

Multiply adjusted*

N

Unadjusted OR (95% CI) P value

Multiply adjusted*

N

Unadjusted OR (95% CI) P value

Multiply adjusted*

PTSD

107

2.91 (0.99, 4.82)

2.13 (0.32, 3.94)

111

0.42 (−1.10, 1.93)

−0.23 (−1.59, 1.12)

107

3.35 (0.39, 6.32)

1.87 (−0.73, 4.48)

P < 0.01

P < 0.05

 

P = 0.59

P = 0.74

 

P < 0.05

P = 0.16

Number of injuries

117

2.80 (0.58, 5.01) P < 0.01

0.61 (−1.74, 2.96) P = 0.61

121

5.06 (3.55, 6.56) P < 0.001

3.93 (2.39, 5.47) P < 0.001

117

7.96 (4.71, 11.20) P < 0.001

4.56 (1.21, 7.92) P < 0.01

0 vs. ≥1 injuries

Emotional disturbance

N (no/yes)

Unadjusted OR (95% CI) P value

Multiply adjusted*

N (no/yes)

Unadjusted OR (95% CI) P value

Multiply adjusted*

N (no/yes)

Unadjusted OR (95% CI) P value

Multiply adjusted*

Anger

9/108

9.34 (5.95, 12.73)

7.34 (3.76, 10.93)

10/111

5.85 (3.23, 8.46)

3.88 (1.27, 6.48)

9/108

15.76 (10.57, 20.95)

11.81 (6.61, 17.01)

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.01

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

Aggressiveness

40/77

4.06 (2.06, 6.06)

2.38 (0.23, 4.53)

42/79

3.23 (1.71, 4.75)

1.83 (0.29, 3.37)

40/77

7.50 (4.46, 10.54)

4.39 (1.27, 7.52)

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.05

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.05

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.01

Crying

33/84

0.97 (−1.28, 3.21)

1.19 (−1.05, 3.43)

35/86

2.12 (0.45, 3.79)

2.28 (0.71, 3.85)

33/84

3.22 (−0.25, 6.70)

3.60 (0.35, 6.84)

 

P = 0.40

P = 0.30

 

P < 0.01

P < 0.01

 

P = 0.07

P < 0.05

Hatred

44/73

2.19 (0.14, 4.25)

2.33 (0.34, 4.32)

47/74

2.41 (0.88, 3.95)

2.46 (1.06, 3.86)

44/73

4.74 (1.59, 7.90)

4.96 (2.11, 7.80)

 

P < 0.05

P < 0.05

 

P < 0.01

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.01

P < 0.001

Helplessness

33/84

2.19 (−0.03, 4.41)

2.19 (0.06, 4.31)

34/87

2.46 (0.79, 4.13)

2.49 (1.01, 3.98)

33/84

4.83 (1.42, 8.24)

4.78 (1.73, 7.83)

 

P < 0.05

P < 0.05

 

P < 0.01

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.01

P < 0.01

Hopelessness

35/82

2.19 (0.01, 4.36)

1.13 (−1.05, 3.31)

38/83

3.39 (1.83, 4.95)

2.44 (0.93, 3.94)

35/82

5.72 (2.42, 9.02)

3.71 (0.56, 6.86)

 

P < 0.05

P = 0.31

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.01

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.05

Inferiority complex

41/76

3.26 (1.22, 5.29)

2.28 (0.22, 4.33)

42/79

3.89 (2.42, 5.36)

2.95 (1.54, 4.36)

41/76

7.35 (4.32, 10.39)

5.33 (2.42, 8.25)

 

P < 0.01

P < 0.05

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

Military or police phobia

35/82

3.16 (1.03, 5.30)

1.61 (−0.74, 3.97)

37/84

4.39 (2.91, 5.88)

3.01 (1.40, 4.61)

35/82

7.76 (4.60, 10.91)

4.78 (1.41, 8.15)

 

P < 0.01

P = 0.18

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.01

Sadness

48/69

1.01 (−1.04, 3.06)

1.52 (−0.54, 3.58)

50/71

0.28 (−1.30, 1.85)

0.59 (−0.91, 2.09)

48/69

1.34 (−1.88, 4.56)

2.14 (−0.89, 5.17)

 

P = 0.33

P = 0.15

 

P = 0.73

P = 0.44

 

P = 0.41

P = 0.17

  1. *Adjusted for sex, marital status, education, income, municipality and medication.