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Table 2 Incidence rate ratios for malariaa

From: Incidence and risk factors for malaria, pneumonia and diarrhea in children under 5 in UNHCR refugee camps: A retrospective study

 

Malariab

 

Unadjusted

Adjusted c

Camp Location & Size

Small (< 10,000)

Reference

Reference

Medium (10,000-19,999)

0.85 (0.56-1.28)

1.94 (0.69-5.46)

Large (≥20,000)

0.89 (0.55-1.45)

2.01 (0.57-7.13)

Africad

Reference

Reference

Asia

0.06 (0.04-0.10)

0.01 (0.001-0.13)

Water and Sanitation (reference category is below the specified standard) e

Water Quantity

1.33 (1.05-1.67)

1.11 (0.60-2.08)

Water Access

1.39 (0.82-2.35)

1.66 (0.76-3.65)

Water Proximity

2.34 (0.66-8.21)

0.99 (0.63-1.56)

Latrine Access

1.21 (0.67-2.19)

1.07 (0.74-1.53)

Latrine Coverage

1.20 (0.84-1.73)

0.87 (0.33-2.26)

Soap Access

0.87 (0.63-1.22)

N/Af

Nutrition Standards (reference category is below the specified standard) e

Global Acute Malnutrition

1.29 (1.04-1.61)

1.73 (0.72-4.17)

Ration Adequacy

1.01 (0.80-1.28)

0.62 (0.25-1.56)

Health Service Utilization

New Visits (per 10 persons/month)

1.92 (1.23-3.01)

2.57 (1.48-4.48)

Growth Monitoring (%)g

0.98 (0.97-0.99)

0.99 (0.98-1.01)

Prevention of Malaria in Pregnancy

Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs)

0.60 (0.17-2.06)

0.74 (0.44-1.24)

Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPTp)

0.94 (0.51-1.74)

1.12 (0.25-4.99)

  1. aBold indicates statistically significant results (p < 0.05)
  2. bThe analysis was restricted to camps having an annual average monthly malaria incidence rate of 4 or more cases/1000 population/month in a given year and at least 8 months of data in a given year
  3. cThe adjusted model included all of the variables shown.
  4. dAfrica includes Yemen
  5. eThe IRR compares meeting or exceeding the standard to falling below the standard. The reference categories for UNHCR performance standards and indicators are as follows: water quantity > 20 L/person/day; water access < 80 persons per tap; water proximity 100% within 200 m; latrine access ≤20 person per latrine; latrine coverage 100% of households; soap access ≥90% of households with > 250 g soap/person/month; global acute malnutrition prevalence < 10%; and average kCals per person per day ≥2100 (in 2007 the indicator was minimum kCals per person per day).
  6. fAccess to soap was only reported for 2008 and 2009. So as to not exclude the 2007 data, soap was not included in the adjusted model.
  7. gIRR for every 1% increase in growth monitoring utilization
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Conflict and Health

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