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Table 2 Witnessing violence by gender (n = 510)

From: Conflict in the Indian Kashmir Valley I: exposure to violence

Witness

Since 1989

Persons arrested

75.5% (385)

 

   Since 1989 ≥ 5×

   52.9% (270)

 

   Past 3 months

   12.8% (65)

 

   Males

   83.7%

(P < .000; OR 2.6, CI: 1.7–4.0)

   Females

   66.3%

 

Physical/mental mistreatment

73.3% (374)

 

   Since 1989 ≥ 5×

   50% (255)

 

   Past 3 months

   9.8% (50)

 

   Males

   83%

(P < .000; OR 2.9, CI: 1.9–4.4)

   Females

   62.5%

 

Persons tortured

66.9% (341)

 

   Since 1989 ≥ 5×

   38.4% (196)

 

   Past 3 months

   13.5% (69)

 

   Males

   74.8%

(P < .000; OR 2.2, CI: 1.5–3.1)

   Females

   57.9%

 

Persons wounded

63.1% (322)

 

   Since 1989 ≥ 5×

   35.5% (181)

 

   Past 3 months

   14.5% (74)

 

   Males

   73%

(P < .000; OR 2.5, CI: 1.7–3.6)

   Females

   52.1%

 

Persons killed

40.0% (204)

 

   Since 1989 ≥ 5×

   17.3% (88)

 

   Past 3 months

   12.6% (64)

 

   Males

   44.1%

(P < .057; OR 1.4, CI: 1.0–2.1)*

   Females

   35.4%

 

Hear of cases of rape

63.9% (326)

 

   Since 1989 ≥ 5×

   38.2% (195)

 

   Past 3 months

   10.8% (55)

 

   Males

   75.2%

(P < .000; OR 2.9, CI: 2.0–4.2)

   Females

   51.3%

 

Seen Rape

13.3% (68)

 

   Since 1989 ≥ 5×

   5.1% (26)

 

   Past 3 months

   2.2% (11)

 

   Males

   17.4%

(P < .006; OR 2.2, CI: 1.3–3.8)

   Females

   8.8%

 
  1. *Yates corrected