Table 2 Examples of armed actor roles in the examined cases in which direct interaction with crisis-affected communities might occur (Source: author)

Role of armed actor

Causing or risking violence against crisis-affected community members through conflict or protecting crisis-affected community members from insecurity

Policing and other law enforcement functions to coerce crisis-affected community members into abiding by certain measures

Delivering direct aid and other forms of assistance to crisis-affected community members

Illustrative example drawn from interviews

Various NSAG attacks on crisis-affected communities in eastern DRC

PNP enforcing crisis-affected community lockdowns by staffing COVID-19 quarantine checkpoints

JAF medical services provided to crisis-affected community members in and around the Rukban camp