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Table 6 Knowledge, beliefs and other factors associated with vaccine hesitancy, community members only

From: COVID-19 vaccination in the Gaza Strip: a cross-sectional study of vaccine coverage, hesitancy, and associated risk factors among community members and healthcare workers

Characteristic

N

Vaccine hesitant (unweighted)

Vaccine hesitant (weighted)

No, N = 604 (%)

Yes, N = 300 (%)

p valuea

No, N = 925,538 (%)

Yes, N = 478,414 (%)

p valuea

Received vaccine

904

75.33

0.00

< 0.001

74.46

NA

0.004

Type of vaccine received

455

  

< 0.001

  

0.002

 AstraZeneca

 

0.66

NA

 

1.42

NA

 

 Moderna

 

17.80

NA

 

19.91

NA

 

 Pfizer

 

43.52

NA

 

40.69

NA

 

 Sinopharm

 

2.42

NA

 

3.04

NA

 

 Sputnik

 

35.16

NA

 

34.84

NA

 

 Unsure

 

0.44

NA

 

0.10

NA

 

Have enough information about COVID-19 vaccine

904

  

< 0.001

  

0.041

 Yes

 

46.03

28.33

 

50.15

28.44

 

 No or don't know

 

53.97

71.67

 

49.85

71.56

 

Information needed

903

      

 Eligibility criteria

 

32.17

37.00

0.15

51.51

53.95

0.85

 Timeline for vaccine roll-out

 

6.80

7.67

0.63

12.48

12.58

0.96

 Knowing when it's my turn to get the vaccine

 

4.64

8.33

0.027

7.64

11.77

0.035

 Doses needed

 

17.58

23.00

0.053

22.15

29.47

0.094

 Risks and side effects

 

83.25

88.33

0.045

87.36

88.84

0.77

 Effectiveness of the vaccines

 

74.63

74.33

0.92

82.82

80.86

0.30

 How to register for the vaccine

 

5.64

12.00

< 0.001

8.31

12.40

0.052

Common source of information about health and vaccines

902

      

 Health care providers

 

67.66

57.53

0.003

64.21

53.29

0.062

 Community health care workers

 

24.71

20.74

0.19

15.29

13.62

0.44

 Radio

 

10.28

16.39

0.009

11.82

16.54

0.10

 Television

 

28.19

33.11

0.13

28.23

35.71

0.42

 Newspapers

 

2.32

3.01

0.54

1.43

1.67

0.45

 Mass events

 

5.47

9.36

0.029

4.19

9.06

0.10

 Family

 

21.23

29.10

0.009

29.76

41.55

0.029

 Neighbors, friends, colleagues

 

29.68

43.48

< 0.001

37.63

52.52

0.070

 Local leaders

 

2.99

1.67

0.24

3.27

1.26

0.42

 Religious leaders

 

4.64

2.68

0.16

6.34

3.31

0.11

 Social media

 

59.37

56.52

0.41

63.19

58.18

0.12

 Organizations

 

20.40

8.36

< 0.001

22.20

10.42

0.042

Trusted source of information

904

      

 Health care providers

 

74.34

58.33

< 0.001

71.91

58.25

0.006

 Community health care workers

 

25.83

23.33

0.42

27.23

26.35

0.82

 Local leaders

 

0.83

0.33

0.39

0.63

0.02

0.012

 Religious leaders

 

0.99

1.67

0.39

0.61

1.25

0.53

 Family members

 

3.31

7.33

0.007

5.39

9.07

0.039

 Neighbors, friends, colleagues

 

3.48

9.00

< 0.001

4.10

11.51

0.065

 Organizations

 

19.54

9.67

< 0.001

19.21

9.34

0.007

 Media

 

10.10

18.00

< 0.001

11.55

16.93

0.035

 Radio

 

2.65

3.00

0.76

1.66

4.66

0.010

 Television

 

8.77

11.00

0.28

9.47

13.68

0.43

 Other

 

5.13

8.67

0.040

4.85

7.74

0.058

Trust health providers and CHWs to provide with accurate information about the COVID-19 vaccine

901

  

< 0.001

  

0.005

 No or don't know

 

9.80

23.75

 

10.63

25.45

 

 Yes

 

66.61

38.13

 

62.07

34.26

 

 Somewhat

 

23.59

38.13

 

27.30

40.29

 

Follow social media platforms to get info about vaccine

904

  

0.35

  

0.16

 No or don't know

 

23.51

26.33

 

18.44

22.40

 

 Yes

 

76.49

73.67

 

81.56

77.60

 

Social media platforms used to get info about vaccine

683

      

 Facebook

 

97.62

99.10

0.19

98.69

99.93

0.015

 Twitter

 

18.61

16.74

0.55

20.50

13.01

0.19

 Instagram

 

37.88

38.91

0.79

44.86

47.18

0.63

 YouTube

 

22.51

26.24

0.28

22.41

22.12

0.93

Shares information related to vaccine on social media network

861

23.45

13.17

< 0.001

19.72

7.32

0.014

How do you know info about vaccine from social media is true

904

  

< 0.001

  

0.006

 I do not verify

 

19.04

41.67

 

20.67

47.49

 

 Other

 

13.41

17.67

 

15.13

15.51

 

 Verify from reputable website or health care provider

 

67.55

40.67

 

64.20

37.01

 

Do leaders (religious, political, teachers, health care workers) in your community support the COVID-19 vaccines?

525

  

0.009

  

0.24

 No or don't know

 

22.93

33.74

 

26.10

32.82

 

 Yes

 

77.07

66.26

 

73.90

67.18

 

Most people you know interested in getting the COVID-19 vaccine

904

  

< 0.001

  

0.017

 No or don't know

 

20.53

45.00

 

20.48

43.45

 

 Yes

 

43.38

14.67

 

45.64

14.84

 

 Somewhat

 

36.09

40.33

 

33.88

41.71

 

How many people in your community are concerned about COVID-19 in the community

689

  

0.024

  

0.35

 Few or some people, less than half

 

17.78

26.36

 

25.57

31.84

 

 Most people

 

32.89

31.80

 

21.55

25.22

 

 Some people—more than half

 

49.33

41.84

 

52.88

42.94

 

COVID-19 vaccines will or are being rolled out equitably in community

900

  

0.023

  

0.27

 No or don't know

 

17.44

23.83

 

22.19

25.87

 

 Yes

 

82.56

76.17

 

77.81

74.13

 

Knows somebody that had a serious negative reaction to a vaccine that makes them reluctant to get COVID-19 vaccine

903

  

< 0.001

  

0.17

 Yes

 

27.36

40.67

 

29.41

42.00

 

 Somewhat

 

11.61

15.00

 

16.56

22.25

 

 No or don't know

 

61.03

44.33

 

54.03

35.74

 

Consider COVID-19 vaccines safe

903

  

< 0.001

  

0.007

 No or don't know

 

28.48

76.25

 

27.31

74.61

 

 Yes

 

32.62

3.34

 

30.34

2.33

 

 Somewhat

 

38.91

20.40

 

42.35

23.07

 

Concerned about risks or side effects with COVID-19 vaccines

904

  

< 0.001

  

0.003

 No or don't know

 

30.96

7.67

 

38.22

7.73

 

 Yes

 

46.36

83.33

 

41.80

84.02

 

 Somewhat

 

22.68

9.00

 

19.99

8.25

 

Risks or side effects concerned about

692

      

 Fever

 

55.29

51.81

0.37

56.09

58.06

0.76

 Body aches

 

62.02

61.23

0.83

64.78

66.92

0.49

 Infertility

 

19.71

30.43

0.001

21.78

36.66

0.014

 Physical disability

 

19.47

33.33

< 0.001

15.74

30.52

0.009

 Death

 

39.66

65.58

< 0.001

39.59

64.59

0.073

 Other

 

13.70

17.39

0.19

19.79

22.26

0.39

Type of COVID vaccine preferred

903

  

< 0.001

  

0.004

 Other

 

0.17

0.00

 

0.01

0.00

 

 No preference

 

15.07

49.83

 

17.40

54.43

 

 Pfizer

 

48.01

25.75

 

44.62

26.85

 

 Sputnik

 

26.49

10.37

 

28.40

9.47

 

 Moderna

 

4.97

1.67

 

5.36

1.68

 

 Unsure

 

3.97

11.37

 

2.15

6.98

 

 Sinopharm

 

1.32

1.00

 

2.06

0.59

 

Believe there are other (better) ways to prevent COVID-19 instead of vaccine

904

  

< 0.001

  

0.016

 No or don't know

 

43.71

16.33

 

45.34

15.06

 

 Yes

 

38.58

71.33

 

36.06

68.13

 

 Somewhat

 

17.72

12.33

 

18.60

16.81

 

Better ways to prevent COVID-19 instead of vaccine

447

      

 Social distance

 

85.84

82.24

0.30

87.05

83.35

0.25

 Handwashing

 

78.97

75.70

0.41

77.05

80.65

0.35

 Infection prevention and control

 

42.06

47.20

0.28

48.68

54.64

0.27

 Ventilation

 

45.49

47.66

0.65

48.66

58.59

0.29

 Wearing face masks

 

80.69

75.70

0.20

78.74

78.79

0.99

Know any person with a serious disease/disability that happened because they were NOT vaccinated

903

  

0.008

  

0.22

 Yes

 

17.41

10.67

 

20.56

10.40

 

 No or don't know

 

82.59

89.33

 

79.44

89.60

 

Think it is better to get COVID-19 and develop natural immunity than to get the vaccine

903

  

< 0.001

  

0.005

 No

 

55.56

19.00

 

53.44

17.46

 

 Don't know

 

6.47

9.67

 

4.75

7.41

 

 Yes

 

23.55

57.33

 

26.17

58.43

 

 Somewhat

 

14.43

14.00

 

15.63

16.71

 

Remember past events that would discourage them from getting COVID-19 vaccine

449

  

0.36

  

0.52

 Yes

 

32.89

37.33

 

37.28

40.71

 

 No or don't know

 

67.11

62.67

 

62.72

59.29

 

Think you are at risk to get COVID-19

903

  

0.11

  

0.30

 No

 

9.62

10.33

 

8.88

10.07

 

 Don't know

 

6.47

10.33

 

7.16

11.33

 

 Yes

 

83.91

79.33

 

83.96

78.60

 

Think you can get seriously ill, hospitalize or die if you get COVID-19

904

  

0.014

  

0.072

 No

 

42.38

37.33

 

40.20

41.92

 

 Don't know

 

27.81

37.33

 

27.96

35.02

 

 Yes

 

29.80

25.33

 

31.84

23.05

 

Barriers for receiving COVID-19 vaccine

448

      

 Availability

 

2.70

3.33

0.72

3.12

1.64

0.15

 Distance to vaccination point

 

6.08

5.67

0.86

2.55

1.69

0.30

 Cost

 

0.00

0.00

 

0.00

0.00

 

 Not a priority group

 

6.08

6.67

0.81

2.17

6.80

0.23

 Lack of information about how/where to get it

 

20.95

22.33

0.74

22.63

20.45

0.57

 Too stressful

 

35.14

37.33

0.65

45.28

51.03

0.10

 Staff attitude

 

3.38

3.33

0.98

3.52

3.26

0.92

 Not socially acceptable

 

11.49

36.33

< 0.001

11.22

31.03

0.063

 None

 

10.81

11.00

0.95

17.80

13.73

0.37

Would get/have gotten the vaccine if employer recommended

449

  

< 0.001

  

0.089

 No

 

19.46

43.33

 

22.32

41.27

 

 Unsure

 

6.71

19.33

 

4.27

20.53

 

 Yes

 

73.83

37.33

 

73.41

38.20

 
  1. Values in bold indicate statistically significant results at p value < 0.05
  2. aChi-squared test with Rao & Scott's second-order correction
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